{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T20:39:47Z","timestamp":1772138387393,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,4]],"date-time":"2020-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007623","name":"Emory University, School of Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007623","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To mine Twitter and quantitatively analyze COVID-19 symptoms self-reported by users, compare symptom distributions across studies, and create a symptom lexicon for future research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We retrieved tweets using COVID-19-related keywords, and performed semiautomatic filtering to curate self-reports of positive-tested users. We extracted COVID-19-related symptoms mentioned by the users, mapped them to standard concept IDs in the Unified Medical Language System, and compared the distributions to those reported in early studies from clinical settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified 203 positive-tested users who reported 1002 symptoms using 668 unique expressions. The most frequently-reported symptoms were fever\/pyrexia (66.1%), cough (57.9%), body ache\/pain (42.7%), fatigue (42.1%), headache (37.4%), and dyspnea (36.3%) amongst users who reported at least 1 symptom. Mild symptoms, such as anosmia (28.7%) and ageusia (28.1%), were frequently reported on Twitter, but not in clinical studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The spectrum of COVID-19 symptoms identified from Twitter may complement those identified in clinical settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocaa116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,22]],"date-time":"2020-05-22T07:50:31Z","timestamp":1590133831000},"page":"1310-1315","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":104,"title":["Self-reported COVID-19 symptoms on Twitter: an analysis and a research resource"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7358-544X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abeed","family":"Sarker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}]},{"given":"Sahithi","family":"Lakamana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}]},{"given":"Whitney","family":"Hogg-Bremer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}]},{"given":"Angel","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Ali","family":"Al-Garadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}]},{"given":"Yuan-Chi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020110613100072300_ocaa116-B1","year":"2020"},{"key":"2020110613100072300_ocaa116-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3565645"},{"key":"2020110613100072300_ocaa116-B3"},{"issue":"18","key":"2020110613100072300_ocaa116-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China","volume":"382","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2020110613100072300_ocaa116-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.03.004","article-title":"Clinical progression of patients with COVID-19 in Shanghai","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"China. 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A novel syndrome?. Rhinology 2020; 58 (3): 299\u2013301","author":"Gane"},{"key":"2020110613100072300_ocaa116-B21","article-title":"Loss of smell or taste as the only symptom of COVID-19. Covid-19 med nedsatt lukte- og smakssans som eneste symptom. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 2020; 140 (7): 10.4045\/tidsskr.20.0287","author":"Hjelmes\u00e6th"},{"key":"2020110613100072300_ocaa116-B22","article-title":"Anosmia and Dysgeusia in the Absence of Other Respiratory Diseases: Should COVID-19 Infection Be Considered?. Eur J Case Rep Intern Med. 2020; 7 (4): 001641","author":"Villalba"},{"key":"2020110613100072300_ocaa116-B23"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jamia\/article-pdf\/27\/8\/1310\/34153333\/ocaa116.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jamia\/article-pdf\/27\/8\/1310\/34153333\/ocaa116.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T12:22:34Z","timestamp":1666614154000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jamia\/article\/27\/8\/1310\/5867237"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,4]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jamia\/ocaa116","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2020.04.16.20067421","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1527-974X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1527-974X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,4]]}}}