{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T07:58:03Z","timestamp":1769155083146,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,24]],"date-time":"2020-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship"},{"name":"4-VA Collaborative Research"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Monitoring technology may assist in managing self-injurious behavior (SIB), a pervasive concern in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Affiliated stakeholder perspectives should be considered to design effective and accepted SIB monitoring methods. We examined caregiver experiences to generate design guidance for SIB monitoring technology.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Twenty-three educators and 16 parents of individuals with ASD and SIB completed interviews or focus groups to discuss needs related to monitoring SIB and associated technology use.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Qualitative content analysis of participant responses revealed 7 main themes associated with SIB and technology: triggers, emotional responses, SIB characteristics, management approaches, caregiver impact, child\/student impact, and sensory\/technology preferences.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The derived themes indicated areas of emphasis for design at the intersection of monitoring and SIB. Systems design at this intersection should consider the range of manifestations of and management approaches for SIB. It should also attend to interactions among children with SIB, their caregivers, and the technology. Design should prioritize the transferability of physical technology and behavioral data as well as the safety, durability, and sensory implications of technology.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The collected stakeholder perspectives provide preliminary groundwork for an SIB monitoring system responsive to needs as articulated by caregivers. Technology design based on this groundwork should follow an iterative process that meaningfully engages caregivers and individuals with SIB in naturalistic settings.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocaa169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,14]],"date-time":"2020-07-14T19:08:44Z","timestamp":1594753724000},"page":"303-310","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Understanding the experiences of self-injurious behavior in autism spectrum disorder: Implications for monitoring technology design"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Kristine D","family":"Cantin-Garside","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1887-8431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maury A","family":"Nussbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan W","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, The\u00a0University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sunwook","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chung Do","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diogo M G","family":"Fortes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rupa S","family":"Valdez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"2021021519090016500_ocaa169-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6706a1","article-title":"Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years\u2014autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 sites, United States, 2014","volume":"67","author":"Baio","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021021519090016500_ocaa169-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-010-1118-4","article-title":"Aggression in children and adolescents with ASD: Prevalence and risk factors","volume":"41","author":"Kanne","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021021519090016500_ocaa169-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa013171","article-title":"Risperidone in children with autism and serious behavioral problems","volume":"347","author":"McCracken","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021021519090016500_ocaa169-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1037\/h0100413","article-title":"Treatment approaches for self-injurious behavior in individuals with autism: behavioral and pharmacological methods","volume":"5","author":"Mahatmya","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Early Intens Behav Interven"},{"key":"2021021519090016500_ocaa169-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S44635","article-title":"The association between self-injurious behaviors and autism spectrum disorders","volume":"7","author":"Minshawi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol Res Behav Manag"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021021519090016500_ocaa169-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2756","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-016-2820-7","article-title":"Epidemiology of injury-related emergency department visits in the US among youth with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"46","author":"Kalb","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021021519090016500_ocaa169-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1177\/1088357612472932","article-title":"Home sweet home? 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