{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T20:25:29Z","timestamp":1775852729019,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]],"date-time":"2021-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01NS098023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS098023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NIH Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","award":["K12 HD047349"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K12 HD047349"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23-HL148394"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23-HL148394"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["L40-HL148910"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L40-HL148910"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01HL121518"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01HL121518"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"NIH National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["U01TR002623"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01TR002623"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"NIH National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["UL1-TR001420"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1-TR001420"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"NIH National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["UL1-TR001878"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1-TR001878"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"NIH National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["UL1-TR002240"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1-TR002240"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"NIH National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["UL1-TR001881"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1-TR001881"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"NIH National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["UL1-TR00185705"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1-TR00185705"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"NIH National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["5UL1-TR001857-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5UL1-TR001857-05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"NIH National Library of Medicine","award":["R01 LM012095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 LM012095"]}]},{"name":"NIH National Library of Medicine","award":["R01LM013345"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01LM013345"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000051","name":"NIH National Human Genome Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["5R01HG009174-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R01HG009174-04"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000051","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research","award":["FKZ 01ZZ1801B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FKZ 01ZZ1801B"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Consortium for Clinical Characterization of COVID-19 by EHR (4CE) is an international collaboration addressing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with federated analyses of electronic health record (EHR) data. We sought to develop and validate a computable phenotype for COVID-19 severity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twelve 4CE sites participated. First, we developed an EHR-based severity phenotype consisting of 6 code classes, and we validated it on patient hospitalization data from the 12 4CE clinical sites against the outcomes of intensive care unit (ICU) admission and\/or death. We also piloted an alternative machine learning approach and compared selected predictors of severity with the 4CE phenotype at 1 site.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The full 4CE severity phenotype had pooled sensitivity of 0.73 and specificity 0.83 for the combined outcome of ICU admission and\/or death. The sensitivity of individual code categories for acuity had high variability\u2014up to 0.65 across sites. At one pilot site, the expert-derived phenotype had mean area under the curve of 0.903 (95% confidence interval, 0.886-0.921), compared with an area under the curve of 0.956 (95% confidence interval, 0.952-0.959) for the machine learning approach. Billing codes were poor proxies of ICU admission, with as low as 49% precision and recall compared with chart review.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We developed a severity phenotype using 6 code classes that proved resilient to coding variability across international institutions. In contrast, machine learning approaches may overfit hospital-specific orders. Manual chart review revealed discrepancies even in the gold-standard outcomes, possibly owing to heterogeneous pandemic conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We developed an EHR-based severity phenotype for COVID-19 in hospitalized patients and validated it at 12 international sites.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocab018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,30]],"date-time":"2021-01-30T07:14:40Z","timestamp":1611990880000},"page":"1411-1420","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Validation of an internationally derived patient severity phenotype to support COVID-19 analytics from electronic health record data"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2043-1601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey G","family":"Klann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Computer Science, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0204-8978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hossein","family":"Estiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Computer Science, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2597-881X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Griffin M","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9197-721X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bertrand","family":"Moal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IAM Unit, Public Health Department , Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0235-7543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Avillach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7056-9559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuan","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0623-6623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amelia L M","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6700-1468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brett K","family":"Beaulieu-Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Information Science and Computing, Mass General Brigham, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3184-1366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Maulhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8574-0133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alon","family":"Geva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2857-5773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Malovini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Informatics and Systems Engineering for Clinical Research, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3204-4142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew M","family":"South","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Brenner Children\u2019s Hospital, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2079-8684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shyam","family":"Visweswaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3255-5727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Malarkodi J","family":"Samayamuthu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8976-6074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gilbert S","family":"Omenn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5676-2520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kee Yuan","family":"Ngiam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics-WisDM, National University Health System, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9781-0477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth D","family":"Mandl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2972-2042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Boeker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5124-6129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen L","family":"Olson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3802-4457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danielle L","family":"Mowery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1618-2817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert W","family":"Follett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6931-3791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David A","family":"Hanauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Learning Health Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6974-9808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riccardo","family":"Bellazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Informatics and Systems Engineering for Clinical Research, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5015-1099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason H","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4114-1286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ne-Hooi Will","family":"Loh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Critical Care, National University Health System, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5063-8294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Douglas S","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6219-861X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kavishwar B","family":"Wagholikar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Chiovato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Informatics and Systems Engineering for Clinical Research, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapy, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Tibollo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Informatics and Systems Engineering for Clinical Research, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7493-7080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siegbert","family":"Rieg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine II, Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony L L J","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5272-2265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vianney","family":"Jouhet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ERIAS-INSERM U1219 BPH, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Schriver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data Analytics Center, Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1500-2589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zongqi","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meghan","family":"Hutch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isaac S","family":"Kohane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"The Consortium for Clinical Characterization of COVID-19 by EHR (4CE) (CONSORTIA AUTHOR)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3928-5931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel A","family":"Brat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shawn N","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Research Information Science and Computing\u2002, Mass General Brigham, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2021071421223133500_ocab018-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10020","DOI":"10.1002\/lrh2.10020","article-title":"The science of learning health systems: foundations for a new journal","volume":"1","author":"Friedman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Learn Health Sys"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021071421223133500_ocab018-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1093\/jamiaopen\/ooy033","article-title":"Accrual to clinical trials (ACT): a clinical and translational science award consortium network","volume":"1","author":"Visweswaran","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMIA Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021071421223133500_ocab018-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1136\/amiajnl-2014-002864","article-title":"PCORnet: turning a dream into reality","volume":"21","author":"Collins","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"key":"2021071421223133500_ocab018-B4"},{"key":"2021071421223133500_ocab018-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2016.09.018","article-title":"The learning healthcare system: where are we now? a systematic review","volume":"64","author":"Budrionis","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021071421223133500_ocab018-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004700","article-title":"The critical care learning healthcare system: time to walk the walk","volume":"48","author":"Surma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2021071421223133500_ocab018-B7","first-page":"574","article-title":"Observational health data sciences and informatics (ohdsi): opportunities for observational researchers","volume":"216","author":"Hripcsak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stud Health Technol Inform"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021071421223133500_ocab018-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1136\/jamia.2009.000893","article-title":"Serving the enterprise and beyond with informatics for integrating biology and the bedside (i2b2)","volume":"17","author":"Murphy","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"key":"2021071421223133500_ocab018-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-020-00308-0","article-title":"International electronic health record-derived COVID-19 clinical course profiles: the 4CE consortium","volume":"3","author":"Brat","year":"2020","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021071421223133500_ocab018-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1136\/amiajnl-2013-001935","article-title":"A review of approaches to identifying patient phenotype cohorts using electronic health records","volume":"21","author":"Shivade","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021071421223133500_ocab018-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1136\/amiajnl-2012-001145","article-title":"Next-generation phenotyping of electronic health records","volume":"20","author":"Hripcsak","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"key":"2021071421223133500_ocab018-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2014.06.007","article-title":"Design patterns for the development of electronic health record-driven phenotype extraction algorithms","volume":"51","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021071421223133500_ocab018-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocx111","article-title":"Enabling phenotypic big data with PheNorm","volume":"25","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"issue":"e1","key":"2021071421223133500_ocab018-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e147\u201354","DOI":"10.1136\/amiajnl-2012-000896","article-title":"Validation of electronic medical record-based phenotyping algorithms: results and lessons learned from the eMERGE network","volume":"20","author":"Newton","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"key":"2021071421223133500_ocab018-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2015.03.075","article-title":"Use of electronic health records to ascertain, validate and phenotype acute myocardial infarction: A systematic review and recommendations","volume":"187","author":"Rubbo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"issue":"18","key":"2021071421223133500_ocab018-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032","article-title":"Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China","volume":"382","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"36","key":"2021071421223133500_ocab018-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1474","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000001474","article-title":"Modified IDSA\/ATS minor criteria for severe community-acquired pneumonia best predicted mortality","volume":"94","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"2021071421223133500_ocab018-B18","year":"2020"},{"key":"2021071421223133500_ocab018-B19"},{"issue":"20","key":"2021071421223133500_ocab018-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E536","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.200648","article-title":"Treatment of patients with nonsevere and severe coronavirus disease 2019: an evidence-based guideline","volume":"192","author":"Ye","year":"2020","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"issue":"26","key":"2021071421223133500_ocab018-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200106283442606","article-title":"Advances in mechanical ventilation","volume":"344","author":"Tobin","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2021071421223133500_ocab018-B22","author":"Visweswaran","year":"2020"},{"key":"2021071421223133500_ocab018-B23","year":"2020"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021071421223133500_ocab018-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocv188","article-title":"Data interchange using i2b2","volume":"23","author":"Klann","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"key":"2021071421223133500_ocab018-B25","year":"2020"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021071421223133500_ocab018-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patter.2020.100051","article-title":"Transitive sequencing medical records for mining predictive and interpretable temporal representations","volume":"1","author":"Estiri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Patterns (N Y)"},{"key":"2021071421223133500_ocab018-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-59137-3","volume-title":"Artificial Intelligence in Medicine","author":"Michalowski","year":"2020"},{"key":"2021071421223133500_ocab018-B28","first-page":"2109","article-title":"Model-based boosting 2.0","volume":"11","author":"Hothorn","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"2021071421223133500_ocab018-B29","author":"Hothorn"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021071421223133500_ocab018-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18402","DOI":"10.2196\/18402","article-title":"Rule-based cohort definitions for acute respiratory failure: electronic phenotyping algorithm","volume":"8","author":"Essay","year":"2020","journal-title":"JMIR Med Inform"},{"key":"2021071421223133500_ocab018-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"k1479","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k1479","article-title":"Biases in electronic health record data due to processes within the healthcare system: retrospective observational study","volume":"361","author":"Agniel","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jamia\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jamia\/ocab018\/36902034\/ocab018.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jamia\/article-pdf\/28\/7\/1411\/38983306\/ocab018.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jamia\/article-pdf\/28\/7\/1411\/38983306\/ocab018.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]],"date-time":"2021-07-14T17:24:07Z","timestamp":1626283447000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jamia\/article\/28\/7\/1411\/6132348"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jamia\/ocab018","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2020.10.13.20201855","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1527-974X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1527-974X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]]}}}