{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T22:46:39Z","timestamp":1777070799602,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000133","name":"Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5K12HS023000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5K12HS023000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000133","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The Physicians Foundation"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000133","name":"Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000133","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The growing use of artificial intelligence (AI) in health care has raised questions about who should be held liable for medical errors that result from care delivered jointly by physicians and algorithms. In this survey study comparing views of physicians and the U.S. public, we find that the public is significantly more likely to believe that physicians should be held responsible when an error occurs during care delivered with medical AI, though the majority of both physicians and the public hold this view (66.0% vs 57.3%; P\u2009=\u2009.020). Physicians are more likely than the public to believe that vendors (43.8% vs 32.9%; P\u2009=\u2009.004) and healthcare organizations should be liable for AI-related medical errors (29.2% vs 22.6%; P\u2009=\u2009.05). Views of medical liability did not differ by clinical specialty. Among the general public, younger people are more likely to hold nearly all parties liable.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocab055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]],"date-time":"2021-03-11T12:19:22Z","timestamp":1615465162000},"page":"1574-1577","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Public vs physician views of liability for artificial intelligence in health care"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0053-9028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dhruv","family":"Khullar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Health Policy and Economics, Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA"},{"name":"Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA"}]},{"given":"Lawrence P","family":"Casalino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Health Policy and Economics, Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA"}]},{"given":"Yuting","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Health Policy and Economics, Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}]},{"given":"Enoch","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}]},{"given":"Sanjay","family":"Aneja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"},{"name":"Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2021071421220236200_ocab055-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2018.7117","article-title":"Deep learning in medicine\u2014promise, progress, and challenges","volume":"179","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"2021071421220236200_ocab055-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-018-0029-1","article-title":"Scalable and accurate deep learning with electronic health records","volume":"1","author":"Rajkomar","year":"2018","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021071421220236200_ocab055-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-020-00324-0","article-title":"The state of artificial intelligence-based FDA-approved medical devices and algorithms: an online database","volume":"3","author":"Benjamens","year":"2020","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med"},{"issue":"18","key":"2021071421220236200_ocab055-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.15064","article-title":"Potential liability for physicians using artificial intelligence","volume":"322","author":"Price","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2021071421220236200_ocab055-B5","year":"2019"},{"key":"2021071421220236200_ocab055-B6","author":"Slabodkin"},{"issue":"6464","key":"2021071421220236200_ocab055-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aax2342","article-title":"Dissecting racial bias in an algorithm used to manage the health of populations","volume":"366","author":"Obermeyer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021071421220236200_ocab055-B8"},{"key":"2021071421220236200_ocab055-B9"},{"key":"2021071421220236200_ocab055-B10"},{"key":"2021071421220236200_ocab055-B11"},{"issue":"19","key":"2021071421220236200_ocab055-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2186","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.162.19.2186","article-title":"Physician and public opinions on quality of health care and the problem of medical errors","volume":"162","author":"Robinson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2021071421220236200_ocab055-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.8.1001","article-title":"Levinson W. Patients\u2019 and Physicians\u2019 attitudes regarding the disclosure of medical errors","author":"Gallagher","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021071421220236200_ocab055-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12802","DOI":"10.2196\/12802","article-title":"Artificial intelligence and the future of primary care: exploratory qualitative study of UK general practitioners\u2019 views","volume":"21","author":"Blease","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021071421220236200_ocab055-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E40","DOI":"10.9778\/cmajo.20180099","article-title":"Social licence and the general public\u2019s attitudes toward research based on linked administrative health data: a qualitative study","volume":"7","author":"Paprica","year":"2019","journal-title":"CMAJ Open"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021071421220236200_ocab055-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e039798","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-039798","article-title":"Conditionally positive: a qualitative study of public perceptions about using health data for artificial intelligence research","volume":"10","author":"McCradden","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021071421220236200_ocab055-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.120.256032","article-title":"When does physician use of AI increase liability?","volume":"62","author":"Tobia","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"2021071421220236200_ocab055-B18","author":"Jha","year":"2020"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021071421220236200_ocab055-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.22530","article-title":"Malpractice liability and quality of care: clear answer, remaining questions","volume":"323","author":"Sage","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2021071421220236200_ocab055-B20"},{"key":"2021071421220236200_ocab055-B21"},{"key":"2021071421220236200_ocab055-B22"},{"key":"2021071421220236200_ocab055-B23"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jamia\/article-pdf\/28\/7\/1574\/38983182\/ocab055.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jamia\/article-pdf\/28\/7\/1574\/38983182\/ocab055.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]],"date-time":"2021-07-14T21:22:59Z","timestamp":1626297779000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jamia\/article\/28\/7\/1574\/6237249"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jamia\/ocab055","relation":{},"ISSN":["1527-974X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1527-974X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]]}}}