{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T12:24:59Z","timestamp":1778243099623,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,6]],"date-time":"2021-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636156800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR002003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR002003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Chatbots are software applications to simulate a conversation with a person. The effectiveness of chatbots in facilitating the recruitment of study participants in research, specifically among racial and ethnic minorities, is unknown. The objective of this study is to compare a chatbot versus telephone-based recruitment in enrolling research participants from a predominantly minority patient population at an urban institution. We randomly allocated adults to receive either chatbot or telephone-based outreach regarding a study about vaccine hesitancy. The primary outcome was the proportion of participants who provided consent to participate in the study. In 935 participants, the proportion who answered contact attempts was significantly lower in the chatbot versus telephone group (absolute difference \u221221.8%; 95% confidence interval [CI] \u221227.0%, \u221216.5%; P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001). The consent rate was also significantly lower in the chatbot group (absolute difference \u22123.4%; 95% CI \u22125.7%, \u22121.1%; P\u2009=\u20090.004). However, among participants who answered a contact attempt, the difference in consent rates was not significant. In conclusion, the consent rate was lower with chatbot compared to telephone-based outreach. The difference in consent rates was due to a lower proportion of participants in the chatbot group who answered a contact attempt.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocab240","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,24]],"date-time":"2021-10-24T03:06:46Z","timestamp":1635044806000},"page":"149-154","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Recruitment in a research study via chatbot versus telephone outreach: a randomized trial at a minority-serving institution"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3499-3990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoo Jin","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Breathe Chicago Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julie A","family":"DeLisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Breathe Chicago Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu-Che","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Breathe Chicago Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nancy L","family":"Shapiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Subhash K","family":"Kolar Rajanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical and Translational Science, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Barbour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical and Translational Science, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey A","family":"Loeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical and Translational Science, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"QliqSOFT, Inc., Dallas, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Daley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"QliqSOFT, Inc., Dallas, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Skowlund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"QliqSOFT, Inc., Dallas, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5525-4778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerry A","family":"Krishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Breathe Chicago Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"2021122823073882700_ocab240-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15787","DOI":"10.2196\/15787","article-title":"A chatbot versus physicians to provide information for patients with breast cancer: blind, randomized controlled noninferiority 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