{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T22:27:28Z","timestamp":1773872848879,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]],"date-time":"2022-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the wake of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), several nations have sought to implement digital vaccine passports (DVPs) to enable the resumption of international travel. Comprising a minimum dataset for each unique individual, DVPs have the makings of a global electronic health record, broaching key issues involved in building a global digital health ecosystem. Debate simulations offer a safe, interactive space to foster participatory policy discussions for advancing digital health diplomacy. This study used an online simulation of a Model World Health Assembly to critically analyze the sociotechnical issues associated with the global implementation of DVPs, and to generate useful insights and questions about the role of diplomacy in global digital health. The debate arguments addressed and provided insights into the technological, scientific, ethical, legal, policy, and societal aspects of DVPs. Reflecting on the simulation, we discuss its opportunities and challenges for the digitalization, decolonization, decentralization, and democratization of participatory policymaking.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocac126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]],"date-time":"2022-07-22T11:40:32Z","timestamp":1658490032000},"page":"712-717","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Digital vaccine passports and digital health diplomacy: an online model WHO simulation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0081-2506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Myron Anthony","family":"Godinho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for eHealth, School of Population Health, UNSW Sydney , Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5989-3614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siaw-Teng","family":"Liaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for eHealth, School of Population Health, UNSW Sydney , Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chipo","family":"Kanjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Malawi , Zomba, Malawi"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heimar F","family":"Marin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo , S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henrique","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISCTE Business School, ISCTE-IUL , Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidade da Beira Interior , Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6583-0257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuri","family":"Quintana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Informatics, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023031607562739200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpbup.2021.100011","article-title":"Can digital vaccine passports potentially bring life back to \u201ctrue-normal\u201d?","volume":"1","author":"Satria","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput Methods Programs Biomed"},{"key":"2023031607562739200_","author":"Mithani"},{"key":"2023031607562739200_","author":"World Health Organisation","year":"2021"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023031607562739200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taab079","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccine passport for a safe resumption of travel","volume":"28","author":"Pavli","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"2023031607562739200_","author":"Joint Initiative Council for Global Health Informatics Standardization","year":"2022"},{"issue":"10","key":"2023031607562739200_","first-page":"712","article-title":"Digital health diplomacy in chained globalised health context","volume":"20","author":"Martins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Management"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023031607562739200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocab282","article-title":"Digital Health Diplomacy\u201d in Global Digital Health? A call for critique and discourse","volume":"29","author":"Godinho","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"key":"2023031607562739200_","author":"S4D4C","year":"2019"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023031607562739200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.3102\/0034654320933544","article-title":"Simulation-based learning in higher education: a meta-analysis","volume":"90","author":"Chernikova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev Educ Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023031607562739200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1057\/eps.2013.13","article-title":"Evaluating the Model United Nations: diplomatic simulation as assessed undergraduate coursework","volume":"12","author":"Obendorf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Polit Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023031607562739200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"010305","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.10.010305","article-title":"World Health Organization simulations: an increasingly popular learning tool for the development of future global health practitioners","volume":"10","author":"Wong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023031607562739200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1007\/s13412-014-0183-y","article-title":"The mercury game: evaluating a negotiation simulation that teaches students about science-policy interactions","volume":"6","author":"Stokes","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Environ Stud Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"2023031607562739200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e407","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(19)30188-3","article-title":"Academic health policy debates for local climate change leadership","volume":"3","author":"Godinho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023031607562739200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/daaa087","article-title":"Fostering global health policy leadership through World Health Assembly simulations: debating Climate Change and Health","volume":"36","author":"Godinho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Promot Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023031607562739200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1080\/13561820.2019.1650009","article-title":"The built environment and health: fostering interprofessional collaboration for better policy recommendations","volume":"34","author":"Am","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Interprof Care"},{"key":"2023031607562739200_","author":"Godinho"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023031607562739200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1080\/13561820.2018.1541873","article-title":"Debating evidence-based health policy in an interprofessional classroom: an exploratory study","volume":"33","author":"Godinho","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Interprof Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023031607562739200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.4103\/efh.EfH_135_17","article-title":"Health policy for health professions students: building capacity for community advocacy in developing nations","volume":"30","author":"Godinho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Educ Health (Abingdon)"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023031607562739200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e455","DOI":"10.1002\/wcc.455","article-title":"The need to build policy literacy into climate science education","volume":"8","author":"Selin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip Rev Clim Change"},{"issue":"8","key":"2023031607562739200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate3084","article-title":"Role-play simulations for climate change adaptation education and engagement","volume":"6","author":"Rumore","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Clim Change"},{"key":"2023031607562739200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2018.09.017","article-title":"The impact of multimodal collaborative virtual environments on learning: a gamified online debate","volume":"130","author":"Doumanis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput Educ"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023031607562739200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjstel-2020-000606","article-title":"Serious Games\u2019 for unboxing Global Digital Health policymaking","volume":"6","author":"Godinho","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Stel"},{"key":"2023031607562739200_","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023031607562739200_","author":"World Health Organisation","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023031607562739200_","author":"Corici","year":"17, 2021: 1\u20139"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023031607562739200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1017\/err.2021.35","article-title":"The digital network of networks: regulatory risk and policy challenges of vaccine passports","volume":"12","author":"Wilford","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Risk Regul"},{"key":"2023031607562739200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Angelopoulos","year":"2020","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2005.08922"},{"key":"2023031607562739200_","author":"Ouellette","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023031607562739200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37936","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3063152","article-title":"Blockchains for covid-19 contact tracing and vaccine support: a systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Ricci","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"2023031607562739200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Osama","year":"2021","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n861"},{"key":"2023031607562739200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.22381\/LPI2020212","article-title":"Implementing digital vaccine passports to control the spread of COVID-19: law, rights, and ethics","volume":"20","author":"Ljungholm","year":"2021","journal-title":"Linguist Philos Investig"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023031607562739200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1017\/err.2021.26","article-title":"Promises made to be broken: performance and performativity in digital vaccine and immunity certification","volume":"12","author":"Milan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Risk Regul"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023031607562739200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.20.280701","article-title":"Immunity certification for COVID-19: ethical considerations","volume":"99","author":"Voo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"2023031607562739200_","author":"World Health Organisation","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023031607562739200_","author":"Thomas","year":"2021"},{"issue":"13","key":"2023031607562739200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.15611","article-title":"Strengthening global health security and reforming the international health regulations: making the world safer from future pandemics","volume":"326","author":"Blinken","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2023031607562739200_","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023031607562739200_","author":"Chen","year":"2011"},{"key":"2023031607562739200_","author":"Krishnan","year":"2021"},{"issue":"100","key":"2023031607562739200_","first-page":"38","article-title":"Knowledge Diplomacy","author":"Knight","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Higher Education"},{"issue":"23","key":"2023031607562739200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.7439","article-title":"Restoring vaccine diplomacy","volume":"325","author":"Hotez","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023031607562739200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1007\/s40309-017-0122-8","article-title":"Exploring the future of innovation diplomacy","volume":"5","author":"Leijten","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Futures Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023031607562739200_","article-title":"Data diplomacy","volume":"8","author":"Boyd","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Diplomacy"},{"key":"2023031607562739200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2021.104470","article-title":"From telehealth to virtual primary care in Australia? A rapid scoping review","volume":"151","author":"Jonnagaddala","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Med Inform"},{"key":"2023031607562739200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2020.104259","article-title":"mHealth for integrated people-centred health services in the Western Pacific: a systematic review","volume":"142","author":"Godinho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Med Inform"},{"key":"2023031607562739200_","first-page":"2055207620930118","article-title":"Community health alliances as social enterprises that digitally engage citizens and integrate services: a case study in Southwestern Sydney (protocol)","volume":"6","author":"Godinho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Digit Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023031607562739200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.5334\/ijic.s4196","article-title":"Digital health, social enterprise & citizen engagement in integrated people-centred health services: a hermeneutic systematic review and preliminary framework synthesis","volume":"20","author":"Godinho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Integr Care"},{"key":"2023031607562739200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"03070","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.11.03070","article-title":"WHO simulations for youth engagement in global governance in a post-COVID world: Opportunities and challenges of moving conferences online","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023031607562739200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e005604","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-005604","article-title":"Decolonising global health in 2021: a roadmap to move from rhetoric to reform","volume":"6","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023031607562739200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205395172110194","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517211019430","article-title":"Knowledge co-creation in participatory policy and practice: building community through data-driven direct democracy","volume":"8","author":"Godinho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Big Data & Society"},{"key":"2023031607562739200_","author":"Lynch","year":"2020"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jamia\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jamia\/ocac126\/45047369\/ocac126.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jamia\/article-pdf\/30\/4\/712\/49524383\/ocac126.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jamia\/article-pdf\/30\/4\/712\/49524383\/ocac126.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]],"date-time":"2023-11-24T21:34:52Z","timestamp":1700861692000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jamia\/article\/30\/4\/712\/6648352"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jamia\/ocac126","relation":{},"ISSN":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1067-5027","type":"print"},{"value":"1527-974X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]]}}}