{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T15:43:59Z","timestamp":1777045439012,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,24]],"date-time":"2022-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Pathology Imaging Co-operative","award":["104687"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["104687"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014013","name":"UK Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is increasing interest in using artificial intelligence (AI) in pathology to improve accuracy and efficiency. Studies of clinicians\u2019 perceptions of AI have found only moderate acceptability, suggesting further research is needed regarding integration into clinical practice. This study aimed to explore stakeholders\u2019 theories concerning how and in what contexts AI is likely to become integrated into pathology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A literature review provided tentative theories that were revised through a realist interview study with 20 pathologists and 5 pathology trainees. Questions sought to elicit whether, and in what ways, the tentative theories fitted with interviewees\u2019 perceptions and experiences. Analysis focused on identifying the contextual factors that may support or constrain uptake of AI in pathology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Interviews highlighted the importance of trust in AI, with interviewees emphasizing evaluation and the opportunity for pathologists to become familiar with AI as means for establishing trust. Interviewees expressed a desire to be involved in design and implementation of AI tools, to ensure such tools address pressing needs, but needs vary by subspecialty. Workflow integration is desired but whether AI tools should work automatically will vary according to the task and the context.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>It must not be assumed that AI tools that provide benefit in one subspecialty will provide benefit in others. Pathologists should be involved in the decision to introduce AI, with opportunity to assess strengths and weaknesses. Further research is needed concerning the evidence required to satisfy pathologists regarding the benefits of AI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocac254","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,24]],"date-time":"2022-12-24T18:41:50Z","timestamp":1671907310000},"page":"529-538","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["How, for whom, and in what contexts will artificial intelligence be adopted in pathology? A realist interview study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Henry","family":"King","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Leeds , Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bethany","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust , Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Darren","family":"Treanor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Leeds , Leeds, UK"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust , Leeds, UK"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, Link\u00f6ping University , Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Link\u00f6ping University , Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"},{"name":"Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Link\u00f6ping University , Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5856-4912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Randell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Studies, University of Bradford , Bradford, UK"},{"name":"Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research , Bradford, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"2023021611050675200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocab085","article-title":"Integrated digital pathology at scale: a solution for clinical diagnostics and cancer research at a large academic medical center","volume":"28","author":"Sch\u00fcffler","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"key":"2023021611050675200_","first-page":"29","article-title":"Computational pathology definitions, best practices, and 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