{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T03:14:24Z","timestamp":1776827664698,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]],"date-time":"2023-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703116800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#172742"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#172742"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Qu\u00e9bec Table Nationale des Directeurs de Recherche"},{"name":"R\u00e9seau de bio-imagerie du Qu\u00e9bec"},{"name":"Fondation du Centre Hospitalier de l'Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al"},{"name":"CHUM Department of Critical Care"},{"name":"Fonds de Recherche du Qu\u00e9bec Sant\u00e9"},{"name":"Canada Research Chair in Critical Care Neurology and Trauma"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Distributed computations facilitate multi-institutional data analysis while avoiding the costs and complexity of data pooling. Existing approaches lack crucial features, such as built-in medical standards and terminologies, no-code data visualizations, explicit disclosure control mechanisms, and support for basic statistical computations, in addition to gradient-based optimization capabilities.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We describe the development of the Collaborative Data Analysis (CODA) platform, and the design choices undertaken to address the key needs identified during our survey of stakeholders. We use a public dataset (MIMIC-IV) to demonstrate end-to-end multi-modal FL using CODA. We assessed the technical feasibility of deploying the CODA platform at 9 hospitals in Canada, describe implementation challenges, and evaluate its scalability on large patient populations.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The CODA platform was designed, developed, and deployed between January 2020 and January 2023. Software code, documentation, and technical documents were released under an open-source license. Multi-modal federated averaging is illustrated using the MIMIC-IV and MIMIC-CXR datasets. To date, 8 out of the 9 participating sites have successfully deployed the platform, with a total enrolment of &amp;gt;1M patients. Mapping data from legacy systems to FHIR was the biggest barrier to implementation.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Discussion and conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The CODA platform was developed and successfully deployed in a public healthcare setting in Canada, with heterogeneous information technology systems and capabilities. Ongoing efforts will use the platform to develop and prospectively validate models for risk assessment, proactive monitoring, and resource usage. Further work will also make tools available to facilitate migration from legacy formats to FHIR and DICOM.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocad235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]],"date-time":"2023-12-21T22:23:47Z","timestamp":1703197427000},"page":"651-665","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["CODA: an open-source platform for federated analysis and machine learning on distributed healthcare data"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8668-675X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louis","family":"Mullie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al , Montr\u00e9al, H2X 3E4, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al , Montr\u00e9al, H3C 3J7, Canada"},{"name":"Mila Quebec Artificial Intelligence Institute , Montr\u00e9al, H2S 3H1, 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F","family":"Turgeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Universit\u00e9 Laval , Qu\u00e9bec, G1V 0A6, Canada"},{"name":"Centre de recherche du CHU de Qu\u00e9bec-Universit\u00e9 Laval, Universit\u00e9 Laval , Qu\u00e9bec, G1V 4G2, Canada"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"Martineau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de recherche du CHU de Qu\u00e9bec-Universit\u00e9 Laval, Universit\u00e9 Laval , Qu\u00e9bec, G1V 4G2, Canada"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Lamontagne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de recherche du CHUS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, J1G 2E8, Canada"}]},{"given":"Martine","family":"Lebrasseur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al , Montr\u00e9al, H2X 0A9, 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