{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T10:18:34Z","timestamp":1774261114264,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,9]],"date-time":"2023-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702080000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study","award":["HHSN268201800003I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN268201800003I"]}]},{"name":"The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study","award":["HHSN268201800004I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN268201800004I"]}]},{"name":"The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study","award":["HHSN268201800005I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN268201800005I"]}]},{"name":"The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study","award":["HHSN268201800006I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN268201800006I"]}]},{"name":"The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study","award":["HHSN268201800007I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN268201800007I"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Changes in cardiovascular health (CVH) during the life course are associated with future cardiovascular disease (CVD). Longitudinal clustering analysis using subgraph augmented non-negative matrix factorization (SANMF) could create phenotypic risk profiles of clustered CVH metrics.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Life\u2019s Essential 8 (LE8) variables, demographics, and CVD events were queried over 15\u00a0years in 5060 CARDIA participants with 18\u00a0years of subsequent follow-up. LE8 subgraphs were mined and a SANMF algorithm was applied to cluster frequently occurring subgraphs. K-fold cross-validation and diagnostics were performed to determine cluster assignment. Cox proportional hazard models were fit for future CV event risk and logistic regression was performed for cluster phenotyping.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The cohort (54.6% female, 48.7% White) produced 3 clusters of CVH metrics: Healthy &amp; Late Obesity (HLO) (29.0%), Healthy &amp; Intermediate Sleep (HIS) (43.2%), and Unhealthy (27.8%). HLO had 5 ideal LE8 metrics between ages 18 and 39\u00a0years, until BMI increased at 40. HIS had 7 ideal LE8 metrics, except sleep. Unhealthy had poor levels of sleep, smoking, and diet but ideal glucose. Race and employment were significantly different by cluster (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001) but not sex (P\u2009=\u2009.734). For 301 incident CV events, multivariable hazard ratios (HRs) for HIS and Unhealthy were 0.73 (0.53-1.00, P\u2009=\u2009.052) and 2.00 (1.50-2.68, P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001), respectively versus HLO. A 15-year event survival was 97.0% (HIS), 96.3% (HLO), and 90.4% (Unhealthy, P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Discussion and conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>SANMF of LE8 metrics identified 3 unique clusters of CVH behavior patterns. Clustering of longitudinal LE8 variables via SANMF is a robust tool for phenotypic risk assessment for future adverse cardiovascular events.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocad240","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,9]],"date-time":"2023-12-09T20:38:49Z","timestamp":1702154329000},"page":"406-415","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Longitudinal clustering of Life\u2019s Essential 8 health metrics: application of a novel unsupervised learning method in the CARDIA study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2156-7175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Graffy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, IL 60611, United States"}]},{"given":"Lindsay","family":"Zimmerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, IL 60611, United States"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0195-7456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuan","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, IL 60611, United States"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1558-9132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingzhi","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, IL 60611, United States"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0926-5331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuni","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Zmora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, IL 60611, United 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