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Cases were required to meet 1 of the following 3 criteria: (1) 2 or more dates with any DR ICD-9\/10 code documented in the EHR, (2) at least one affirmative health-factor or EPIC code for DR along with an ICD9\/10 code for DR on a different day, or (3) at least one ICD-9\/10 code for any DR occurring within 24 hours of an ophthalmology examination. Criteria for controls included affirmative evidence for diabetes as well as an ophthalmology examination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The algorithms, developed and evaluated in VUMC through manual chart review, resulted in a positive predictive value (PPV) of 0.93 for cases and negative predictive value (NPV) of 0.91 for controls. Implementation of algorithms yielded similar metrics in VANEOHS (PPV\u2009=\u20090.94; NPV\u2009=\u20090.86) and lower in MGB (PPV\u2009=\u20090.84; NPV\u2009=\u20090.76). In comparison, the algorithm for DR implemented in Phenome-wide association study (PheWAS) in VUMC yielded similar PPV (0.92) but substantially reduced NPV (0.48). Implementation of the algorithms to the Million Veteran Program identified over 62\u00a0000 DR cases with genetic data including 14\u00a0549 African Americans and 6209 Hispanics with DR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions\/Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We demonstrate the robustness of the algorithms at 3 separate healthcare centers, with a minimum PPV of 0.84 and substantially improved NPV than existing automated methods. We strongly encourage independent validation and incorporation of features unique to each EHR to enhance algorithm performance for DR cases and controls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocae213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T00:44:48Z","timestamp":1722386688000},"page":"2560-2570","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Development of electronic health record based algorithms to identify individuals with diabetic retinopathy"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6179-0515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph H","family":"Breeyear","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, TN 37232,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System (626) , Nashville, TN 37212,","place":["United 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A","family":"Garriga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Quantitative and Clinical Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, TN 37232,","place":["United States"]}]},{"given":"Otis D","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System (626) , Nashville, TN 37212,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, TN 37232,","place":["United States"]}]},{"given":"Til B","family":"Basnet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System (626) , Nashville, TN 37212,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, TN 37232,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Division of Quantitative and Clinical Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt 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