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We fine-tuned and evaluated state-of-the-art NLP models for named entity, trigger, and relation extraction as well as factuality detection using DiMB-RE. In addition, we benchmarked 2 generative large language models (GPT-4o-mini and GPT-4o) on a subset of the dataset in zero- and one-shot settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>DiMB-RE consists of 14\u2009450 entities and 4206 relationships from 165 publications (including 30 full-text Results sections). Fine-tuned NLP models performed reasonably well for named entity recognition (0.800 F1 score), while end-to-end relation extraction performance was modest (0.445 F1). The use of Results section annotations improved relation extraction. The impact of trigger detection was mixed. Generative models showed lower accuracy compared to fine-tuned models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To our knowledge, DiMB-RE is the largest and most diverse corpus focusing on diet-microbiome interactions. Natural language processing models fine-tuned on DiMB-RE exhibit lower performance compared to similar corpora, highlighting the complexity of information extraction in this domain. Misclassified entities, missed triggers, and cross-sentence relations are the major sources of relation extraction errors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>DiMB-RE can serve as a benchmark corpus for biomedical literature mining. DiMB-RE and the NLP models are available at https:\/\/github.com\/ScienceNLP-Lab\/DiMB-RE.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocaf054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T16:22:50Z","timestamp":1741710170000},"page":"998-1006","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["DiMB-RE: mining the scientific literature for diet-microbiome associations"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Gibong","family":"Hong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign , Champaign, IL 61820,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Hindle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, IL 61801,","place":["United 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