{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T07:29:25Z","timestamp":1772782165883,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]],"date-time":"2025-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749081600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To determine how much of the current biomedical literature would be flagged or require modification in relation to the presence of terms from leaked lists prepared by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), the National Science Foundation (NSF), and the National Security Administration (NSA) in early 2025.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We searched PubMed (from 1996 to 2024) for all records that match at least one of the given terms, combined the terms and analyzed yearly and total frequency.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>At least 36.3% of all biomedical literature analyzed, representing more than 10 million records, would be flagged for review or modification with the given term lists. It is conservatively estimated that such term lists could impact more than 2.7 million biomedical publications over the next four years.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Censorship of scientific findings and the use of term lists to judge the content of scientific materials could significantly impede scientific progress.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Future research should investigate the long-term implications of, and interim strategies used to navigate, the imposition of censorship on the production and dissemination of scientific knowledge.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocaf089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]],"date-time":"2025-06-05T15:42:23Z","timestamp":1749138143000},"page":"1199-1205","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Towards an estimate of the impact of censorship on biomedical literature"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8397-8810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clair","family":"Kronk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health Science and Policy (PHSP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY 10029-5674,","place":["United States"]}]},{"given":"Os","family":"Keyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evans Lab, Department of Philosophy, University of Massachusetts, Lowell , Lowell, MA 01854,","place":["United States"]}]},{"given":"Megh","family":"Marathe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Media & Information and Center for Bioethics & Social Justice, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI 48824,","place":["United States"]}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025062713305647100_ocaf089-B1","article-title":"Science and censorship: a duel lasting centuries","author":"Broad","year":"2011","journal-title":"The New York Times"},{"key":"2025062713305647100_ocaf089-B2","author":"Beacon for Freedom of Expression"},{"key":"2025062713305647100_ocaf089-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12172","DOI":"10.1111\/nup.12172","article-title":"Fake news, truth and ideology: Galileo, censorship and nursing","volume":"18","author":"Sellman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nursing Philosophy"},{"key":"2025062713305647100_ocaf089-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s12052-011-0358-x","article-title":"Banning evolution","volume":"4","author":"Meikle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Evo Edu Outreach"},{"key":"2025062713305647100_ocaf089-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9780773551886","volume-title":"Censored: A Literary History of Subversion and Control","author":"Fellion","year":"2017"},{"key":"2025062713305647100_ocaf089-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1163\/9789087903336","volume-title":"Censorship! \u2026or Selection?: Confronting a Curriculum of Orthodoxy through Pluralistic Models","author":"Shariff","year":"2007"},{"key":"2025062713305647100_ocaf089-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2301642120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2301642120","article-title":"Prosocial motives underlie scientific censorship by scientists: a perspective and research agenda","volume":"120","author":"Clark","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2025062713305647100_ocaf089-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2021.10.002","article-title":"Politicization and COVID-19 vaccine resistance in the U.S","volume":"188","author":"Bolsen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci"},{"key":"2025062713305647100_ocaf089-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2004.12.014","article-title":"\u2018MMR talk\u2019 and vaccination choices: an ethnographic study in Brighton","volume":"61","author":"Poltorak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2025062713305647100_ocaf089-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp18X695549","article-title":"Forbidden words","volume":"68","author":"Misselbrook","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"key":"2025062713305647100_ocaf089-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar7959","article-title":"CDC word ban? The fight over seven health-related words in the president\u2019s next budget","author":"Cohen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025062713305647100_ocaf089-B12","author":"Faust","year":"2025"},{"key":"2025062713305647100_ocaf089-B13","author":"Saxbe","year":"2025"},{"key":"2025062713305647100_ocaf089-B14","author":"Legum","year":"2025"},{"key":"2025062713305647100_ocaf089-B15","article-title":"Here are the words putting science in the crosshairs of Trump\u2019s orders","author":"Johnson","year":"2025","journal-title":"The Washington Post"},{"key":"2025062713305647100_ocaf089-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-025-00703-1","article-title":"Exclusive: NIH to terminate hundreds of active research grants","volume":"639","author":"Kozlov","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025062713305647100_ocaf089-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2021.01423","article-title":"Negative patient descriptors: documenting racial bias in the electronic health record: study examines racial bias in the patient descriptors used in the electronic health record","volume":"41","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Affairs"},{"key":"2025062713305647100_ocaf089-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","article-title":"Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test","volume":"315","author":"Egger","year":"1997","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025062713305647100_ocaf089-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.88.5.879","article-title":"Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies","volume":"88","author":"Podsakoff","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Appl Psychol"},{"key":"2025062713305647100_ocaf089-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-0330-8","article-title":"COVID-19 and the other pandemic: populations made vulnerable by systemic inequity","volume":"17","author":"Gray","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2025062713305647100_ocaf089-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2022.3580","article-title":"Reporting of race and ethnicity in the context of systemic inequities","volume":"80","author":"Bagot","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025062713305647100_ocaf089-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-023-01792-2","article-title":"Systemic inflammation, neuroinflammation and perioperative neurocognitive disorders","volume":"72","author":"Jia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inflamm Res"},{"key":"2025062713305647100_ocaf089-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-023-03661-6","article-title":"The association between systemic inflammation markers and the prevalence of hypertension","volume":"23","author":"Jin","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"key":"2025062713305647100_ocaf089-B24","author":"Pay","year":"2025"},{"key":"2025062713305647100_ocaf089-B25"},{"key":"2025062713305647100_ocaf089-B26","author":"Sen","year":"2025"},{"key":"2025062713305647100_ocaf089-B27","author":"Philip","year":"2025"},{"key":"2025062713305647100_ocaf089-B28","volume-title":"The E-Utilities In-Depth: Parameters, Syntax and More. Entrez Programming Utilities Help [Internet]","author":"Sayers","year":"2022"},{"key":"2025062713305647100_ocaf089-B29","author":"BioPython Entrez article limit","year":"2025"},{"key":"2025062713305647100_ocaf089-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.3163\/1536-5050.103.4.014","article-title":"Bibliometric indicators: opportunities and limits","volume":"103","author":"Belter","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Med Libr Assoc"},{"key":"2025062713305647100_ocaf089-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12054","DOI":"10.3389\/bjbs.2024.12054","article-title":"The peer review process: past, present, and future","volume":"81","author":"Drozdz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br J Biomed Sci"},{"key":"2025062713305647100_ocaf089-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1177\/1740774508089457","article-title":"Implementation of NIH inclusion guidelines: survey of NIH study section members","volume":"5","author":"Taylor","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Trials"},{"key":"2025062713305647100_ocaf089-B33","first-page":"1","article-title":"Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus Vaccine: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)","volume":"56","author":"Markowitz","year":"2007","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"2025062713305647100_ocaf089-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7012a2","article-title":"Declines in prevalence of human papillomavirus vaccine-type infection among females after introduction of vaccine\u2014United States, 2003\u20132018","volume":"70","author":"Rosenblum","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2025062713305647100_ocaf089-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.22169","article-title":"Cervical cancer mortality among US women younger than 25 years, 1992\u20132021","volume":"333","author":"Dorali","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2025062713305647100_ocaf089-B36","author":"CDC Data Shows Over 70 Million U.S. Adults Reported Having a Disability","year":"2024"},{"key":"2025062713305647100_ocaf089-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0298479","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0298479","article-title":"Health outcomes in Deaf signing populations: a systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Rogers","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025062713305647100_ocaf089-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2012.03.018","article-title":"Disparities in adult vision health in the United States","volume":"154","author":"Zambelli-Weiner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025062713305647100_ocaf089-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e008396","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-008396","article-title":"Disparities in road crash mortality among pedestrians using wheelchairs in the USA: results of a capture-recapture analysis","volume":"5","author":"Kraemer","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2025062713305647100_ocaf089-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151ra125","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3004006","article-title":"Emtricitabine-tenofovir concentrations and pre-exposure prophylaxis efficacy in men who have sex with men","volume":"4","author":"Anderson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"2025062713305647100_ocaf089-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001555","article-title":"The effect of PrEP on HIV incidence among men who have sex with men in the context of condom use, treatment as prevention, and seroadaptive practices","volume":"77","author":"LeVasseur","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAIDS J Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes"},{"key":"2025062713305647100_ocaf089-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.su7301a2","article-title":"Characteristics associated with pre-exposure prophylaxis discussion and use among transgender women without HIV infection\u2014National HIV behavioral surveillance among transgender women, seven urban areas, United States, 2019\u20132020","volume":"73","author":"Morris","year":"2024","journal-title":"MMWR Suppl"},{"key":"2025062713305647100_ocaf089-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7022a1","article-title":"Estimated annual number of HIV infections \u2013 United States, 1981\u20132019","volume":"70","author":"Bosh","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2025062713305647100_ocaf089-B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.16213","article-title":"Lives saved by COVID-19 vaccines","volume":"58","author":"Mellis","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Paediatrics Child Health"},{"key":"2025062713305647100_ocaf089-B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30154-9","article-title":"A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster","volume":"395","author":"Chan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025062713305647100_ocaf089-B46","article-title":"The husband-and-wife team behind the leading vaccine to solve Covid-19","author":"Gelles","year":"2020","journal-title":"The New York Times"},{"key":"2025062713305647100_ocaf089-B47"},{"key":"2025062713305647100_ocaf089-B48"},{"key":"2025062713305647100_ocaf089-B49","year":"2024"},{"key":"2025062713305647100_ocaf089-B50"},{"key":"2025062713305647100_ocaf089-B51"},{"key":"2025062713305647100_ocaf089-B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2020.11.005","article-title":"The global burden of trauma during the COVID-19 pandemic: a scoping review","volume":"12","author":"Waseem","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Orthopaedics Trauma"},{"key":"2025062713305647100_ocaf089-B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2020.5.47780","article-title":"Decrease in trauma admissions with COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"21","author":"Camine","year":"2020","journal-title":"WestJEM"},{"key":"2025062713305647100_ocaf089-B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1177\/00031348211029858","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on trauma encounters","volume":"89","author":"Sheets","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"key":"2025062713305647100_ocaf089-B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0137041","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137041","article-title":"Characterizing the Google Books Corpus: strong limits to inferences of socio-cultural and linguistic evolution","volume":"10","author":"Pechenick","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025062713305647100_ocaf089-B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1093\/pan\/mps028","article-title":"Text as data: the promise and pitfalls of automatic content analysis methods for political texts","volume":"21","author":"Grimmer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Polit Anal"},{"key":"2025062713305647100_ocaf089-B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1248506","article-title":"The parable of Google Flu: traps in big data analysis","volume":"343","author":"Lazer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025062713305647100_ocaf089-B58","article-title":"Public health journal won\u2019t be complicit in Trump Admin\u2019s Censorship","author":"Fiore","year":"2025","journal-title":"MedPage Today"},{"key":"2025062713305647100_ocaf089-B59","article-title":"In Op-Ed, JAMA journals condemn US fed censorship, attacks on science","author":"Ostrov","year":"2025","journal-title":"Medscape"},{"key":"2025062713305647100_ocaf089-B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.7326\/ANNALS-25-00985","article-title":"Damage control in the wake of political action that threatens the integrity of medical research","volume":"178","author":"Laine","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2025062713305647100_ocaf089-B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"r253","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.r253","article-title":"Medical journal editors must resist CDC order and anti-gender ideology","volume":"388","author":"Clark","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025062713305647100_ocaf089-B62","article-title":"National Cancer Institute Employees can\u2019t publish information on these topics without special approval","author":"Waldman","year":"2025","journal-title":"ProPublica"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jamia\/article-pdf\/32\/7\/1199\/63441305\/ocaf089.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jamia\/article-pdf\/32\/7\/1199\/63441305\/ocaf089.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T17:31:02Z","timestamp":1751045462000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jamia\/article\/32\/7\/1199\/8157261"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jamia\/ocaf089","relation":{},"ISSN":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1067-5027","type":"print"},{"value":"1527-974X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]]}}}