{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T11:09:13Z","timestamp":1769598553555,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761523200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n To inform initiatives to improve the interoperability of healthcare data, we described the experience of distinct phenotypes of physicians when obtaining information from outside sources.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n A total of 6175 family physicians across the United States responded to information technology questions on the 2022 and 2023 American Board of Family Medicine Continuous Certification Questionnaire (100% response rate). Latent class analysis grouped physicians by individual and practice characteristics and then compared reported experience with interoperability.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n A 4-class model (\u201cSafety Net,\u201d \u201cHealth System,\u201d \u201cIndependent Practice,\u201d and \u201cLarge Practice\u201d) best fit. Health system and large practice physicians (predominately Epic users) were more likely to report information was integrated in their Electronic Health Record (EHR) than independent practice physicians (38% and 40%, respectively, compared to 24%), and to report that information from organizations using the same EHR was usable (52% and 51%, respectively, compared to 25%). Safety net physicians were least likely to report that information from outside organizations was usable (17% compared to 23% of independent physicians). Between 42% and 50% of each phenotype reported commonly encountering external records with a large volume of low-value information.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Discussion<\/jats:title>\n Independent practice and safety net physicians reported worse experience in some dimensions of interoperability, likely driven by differences in access to information from organizations using the same EHR. Many other challenges were consistent across physician phenotypes.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Initiatives to improve interoperability among physicians may be most effective if targeted at independent practices and safety net practices; however, broad improvements will be necessary to address similar challenges across phenotypes.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocaf178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T11:51:37Z","timestamp":1758973897000},"page":"434-441","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Health interoperability across phenotypes of family physician practices"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5355-6043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordan","family":"Everson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Secretary for Technology Policy and Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology, US Department of Health and Human Services , Washington, DC 20201,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Georgetown University School of Medicine , Washington, DC 20007,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Strawley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Secretary for Technology Policy and Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology, US Department of Health and Human Services , Washington, DC 20201,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012716162009500_ocaf178-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e243793","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.3793","article-title":"Primary care physicians\u2019 satisfaction with interoperable health information technology","volume":"7","author":"Everson","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2026012716162009500_ocaf178-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e43848","DOI":"10.2196\/43848","article-title":"Perspectives on challenges and opportunities for interoperability: findings from key informant interviews with stakeholders in Ohio","volume":"11","author":"Walker","year":"2023","journal-title":"JMIR Med Inform"},{"key":"2026012716162009500_ocaf178-B3","author":"Anderson","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026012716162009500_ocaf178-B4","author":"Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026012716162009500_ocaf178-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocac056","article-title":"Electronic health record developer market segmentation contributes to divide in physician interoperable exchange","volume":"29","author":"Everson","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"key":"2026012716162009500_ocaf178-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocab024","article-title":"Practice and market factors associated with provider volume of health information exchange","volume":"28","author":"Apathy","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"key":"2026012716162009500_ocaf178-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2022.102007","article-title":"Identification of barriers affecting the use of health information exchange (HIE) in clinicians\u2019 practices: an empirical study in the United States","volume":"70","author":"Esmaeilzadeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Technol Soc"},{"key":"2026012716162009500_ocaf178-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.37765\/ajmc.2023.89301","article-title":"C. Associations between physician practice models and health information exchange","volume":"29","author":"McCullough","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Manag Care"},{"key":"2026012716162009500_ocaf178-B9","author":"Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services"},{"key":"2026012716162009500_ocaf178-B10","author":"Administration HRaS","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026012716162009500_ocaf178-B11","author":"Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026012716162009500_ocaf178-B12","author":"Strategy to support health information technology among HRSA\u2019s safety-net providers"},{"key":"2026012716162009500_ocaf178-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000001673","article-title":"A survey of information exchange and use of other Health IT in primary care settings: capabilities in and outside of the Safety Net","volume":"60","author":"Cross","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medical Care"},{"key":"2026012716162009500_ocaf178-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e228301-e","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.8301","article-title":"Assessment of satisfaction with the electronic health record among physicians in physician-owned vs non\u2013physician-owned practices","volume":"5","author":"Rotenstein","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2026012716162009500_ocaf178-B15","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026012716162009500_ocaf178-B16","author":"HL7 FHIR Overview"},{"key":"2026012716162009500_ocaf178-B17","author":"Office of the Assistant Secretary for Technology and Policy","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026012716162009500_ocaf178-B18","author":"Tripathi","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026012716162009500_ocaf178-B19","author":"Assistant Secretary for Technology and Policy"},{"key":"2026012716162009500_ocaf178-B20","author":"Assistant Secretary for Technology and Policy"},{"key":"2026012716162009500_ocaf178-B21","author":"Assistant Secretary for Technology and Policy","year":"2024"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jamia\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jamia\/ocaf178\/64959736\/ocaf178.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jamia\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jamia\/ocaf178\/64959736\/ocaf178.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T21:16:29Z","timestamp":1769548589000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jamia\/article\/33\/2\/434\/8304364"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jamia\/ocaf178","relation":{},"ISSN":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1067-5027","type":"print"},{"value":"1527-974X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]]}}}