{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T19:05:26Z","timestamp":1768590326817,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Objective The objective of the Strategic Health IT Advanced Research Project area four (SHARPn) was to develop open-source tools that could be used for the normalization of electronic health record (EHR) data for secondary use\u2014specifically, for high throughput phenotyping. We describe the role of Intermountain Healthcare\u2019s Clinical Element Models ([CEMs] Intermountain Healthcare Health Services, Inc, Salt Lake City, Utah) as normalization \u201ctargets\u201d within the project.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Materials and Methods Intermountain\u2019s CEMs were either repurposed or created for the SHARPn project. A CEM describes \u201cvalid\u201d structure and semantics for a particular kind of clinical data. CEMs are expressed in a computable syntax that can be compiled into implementation artifacts. The modeling team and SHARPn colleagues agilely gathered requirements and developed and refined models.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Results Twenty-eight \u201cstatement\u201d models (analogous to \u201cclasses\u201d) and numerous \u201ccomponent\u201d CEMs and their associated terminology were repurposed or developed to satisfy SHARPn high throughput phenotyping requirements. Model (structural) mappings and terminology (semantic) mappings were also created. Source data instances were normalized to CEM-conformant data and stored in CEM instance databases. A model browser and request site were built to facilitate the development.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Discussion The modeling efforts demonstrated the need to address context differences and granularity choices and highlighted the inevitability of iso-semantic models. The need for content expertise and \u201cintelligent\u201d content tooling was also underscored. We discuss scalability and sustainability expectations for a CEM-based approach and describe the place of CEMs relative to other current efforts.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Conclusions The SHARPn effort demonstrated the normalization and secondary use of EHR data. CEMs proved capable of capturing data originating from a variety of sources within the normalization pipeline and serving as suitable normalization targets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocv134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,15]],"date-time":"2015-11-15T01:18:38Z","timestamp":1447550318000},"page":"248-256","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Clinical element models in the SHARPn consortium"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Thomas A","family":"Oniki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Informatics, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Zhuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Informatics, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA"}]},{"given":"Calvin E","family":"Beebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA"}]},{"given":"Hongfang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA"}]},{"given":"Joseph F","family":"Coyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Informatics, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA"}]},{"given":"Craig G","family":"Parker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Informatics, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA"}]},{"given":"Harold R","family":"Solbrig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA"}]},{"given":"Kyle","family":"Marchant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agilex Technologies, Chantilly, Virginia, USA"}]},{"given":"Vinod C","family":"Kaggal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA"}]},{"given":"Christopher G","family":"Chute","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA"}]},{"given":"Stanley M","family":"Huff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Informatics, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"2020110613005053300_ocv134-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-5056(02)00103-X","article-title":"Standards for detailed clinical models as the basis for medical data exchange and decision support","volume":"69","author":"Coyle","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Med Inf"},{"key":"2020110613005053300_ocv134-B2","volume-title":"The Clinical Element Model Detailed Clinical Models \n              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