{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T15:30:34Z","timestamp":1779895834011,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CA 21765"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA 21765"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R24GM115264-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R24GM115264-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 HL105198"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 HL105198"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 GM92666"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 GM92666"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R24 GM61374"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R24 GM61374"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R24GM115264-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R24GM115264-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U19 GM61388"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19 GM61388"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1U01HG007253"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1U01HG007253"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>To move beyond a select few genes\/drugs, the successful adoption of pharmacogenomics into routine clinical care requires a curated and machine-readable database of pharmacogenomic knowledge suitable for use in an electronic health record (EHR) with clinical decision support (CDS). Recognizing that EHR vendors do not yet provide a standard set of CDS functions for pharmacogenetics, the Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Informatics Working Group is developing and systematically incorporating a set of EHR-agnostic implementation resources into all CPIC guidelines. These resources illustrate how to integrate pharmacogenomic test results in clinical information systems with CDS to facilitate the use of patient genomic data at the point of care. Based on our collective experience creating existing CPIC resources and implementing pharmacogenomics at our practice sites, we outline principles to define the key features of future knowledge bases and discuss the importance of these knowledge resources for pharmacogenomics and ultimately precision medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocw027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,30]],"date-time":"2016-03-30T00:18:52Z","timestamp":1459297132000},"page":"796-801","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["Developing knowledge resources to support precision medicine: principles from the Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"James M","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St Jude Children\u2019s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry M","family":"Dunnenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Molecular Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Kevin Hicks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Department and Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly E","family":"Caudle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St Jude Children\u2019s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Whirl Carrillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert R","family":"Freimuth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc S","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genomic Medicine Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teri E","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josh F","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine and Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"2020110612374992700_ocw027-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1500523","article-title":"A new initiative on precision medicine","volume":"372","author":"Collins","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"23","key":"2020110612374992700_ocw027-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2229","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsb1503104","article-title":"Precision medicine: personalized, problematic, and promising","volume":"372","author":"Jameson","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"2020110612374992700_ocw027-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-010814-124835","article-title":"Preemptive clinical pharmacogenetics implementation: current programs in five US medical centers","volume":"55","author":"Dunnenberger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Rev Pharmcol Toxicol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2020110612374992700_ocw027-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2012.140","article-title":"A clinician-driven automated system for integration of pharmacogenetic interpretations into an electronic medical record","volume":"92","author":"Hicks","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Pharm Ther."},{"issue":"10","key":"2020110612374992700_ocw027-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1038\/gim.2013.109","article-title":"Electronic health record design and implementation for pharmacogenomics: a local perspective","volume":"15","author":"Peterson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genet Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"2020110612374992700_ocw027-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.c.31391","article-title":"PG4KDS: a model for the clinical implementation of pre-emptive pharmacogenetics","volume":"166C","author":"Hoffman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet."},{"issue":"2","key":"2020110612374992700_ocw027-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2013.59","article-title":"The Pharmacogenomics Research Network Translational Pharmacogenetics Program: overcoming challenges of real-world implementation","volume":"94","author":"Shuldiner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Pharm Ther."},{"issue":"e1","key":"2020110612374992700_ocw027-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e93","DOI":"10.1136\/amiajnl-2013-001993","article-title":"Development and use of active clinical decision support for preemptive pharmacogenomics","volume":"21","author":"Bell","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc."},{"issue":"4","key":"2020110612374992700_ocw027-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2013.229","article-title":"Clinically actionable genotypes among 10,000 patients with preemptive pharmacogenomic testing","volume":"95","author":"Van Driest","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Pharm Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"2020110612374992700_ocw027-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2011.371","article-title":"Operational implementation of prospective genotyping for personalized medicine: the design of the Vanderbilt PREDICT project","volume":"92","author":"Pulley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Pharm Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"2020110612374992700_ocw027-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2013.10.021","article-title":"Preemptive genotyping for personalized medicine: design of the right drug, right dose, right time-using genomic data to individualize treatment protocol","volume":"89","author":"Bielinski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc."},{"issue":"1","key":"2020110612374992700_ocw027-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.c.31394","article-title":"Genomic medicine implementation: learning by example","volume":"166C","author":"Williams","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet."},{"key":"2020110612374992700_ocw027-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocv066","article-title":"Report of the AMIA EHR 2020 task force on the status and future direction of EHRs","author":"Payne","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc."},{"issue":"2","key":"2020110612374992700_ocw027-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1136\/amiajnl-2011-000597","article-title":"Impact of data fragmentation across healthcare centers on the accuracy of a high-throughput clinical phenotyping algorithm for specifying subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"19","author":"Wei","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc."},{"issue":"1","key":"2020110612374992700_ocw027-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/29.1.308","article-title":"dbSNP: the NCBI database of genetic variation","volume":"29","author":"Sherry","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"2020110612374992700_ocw027-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D980","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt1113","article-title":"ClinVar: public archive of relationships among sequence variation and human phenotype","volume":"42","author":"Landrum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"2020110612374992700_ocw027-B17"},{"key":"2020110612374992700_ocw027-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D6","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku1130","article-title":"Database resources of the National Center for Biotechnology Information","volume":"43","author":"Coordinators","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"issue":"12","key":"2020110612374992700_ocw027-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.1579","article-title":"Crossing the omic chasm: A time for omic ancillary systems","volume":"309","author":"Starren","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"issue":"2","key":"2020110612374992700_ocw027-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.2174\/1389200215666140130124910","article-title":"Incorporation of pharmacogenomics into routine clinical practice: the Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guideline development process","volume":"15","author":"Caudle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Drug Metab."},{"issue":"5","key":"2020110612374992700_ocw027-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2014.38","article-title":"Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium Guidelines for HLA-B Genotype and Abacavir Dosing: 2014 update","volume":"95","author":"Martin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Pharm Ther."},{"key":"2020110612374992700_ocw027-B22","author":"Saito"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020110612374992700_ocw027-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2014.159","article-title":"Clinical pharmacogenetics implementation consortium guidelines for CYP2C9 and HLA-B genotypes and phenytoin dosing","volume":"96","author":"Caudle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Pharm Ther."},{"issue":"4","key":"2020110612374992700_ocw027-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2014.125","article-title":"The clinical pharmacogenetics implementation consortium guideline for SLCO1B1 and simvastatin-induced myopathy: 2014 update","volume":"96","author":"Ramsey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Pharm Ther."},{"issue":"2","key":"2020110612374992700_ocw027-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.147","article-title":"Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 Genotypes and Dosing of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors","volume":"98","author":"Hicks","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Pharm Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"2020110612374992700_ocw027-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.113","article-title":"Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guidelines for CYP3A5 Genotype and Tacrolimus Dosing","volume":"98","author":"Birdwell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Pharm Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"2020110612374992700_ocw027-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-011-0992-y","article-title":"Electronic medical records and personalized medicine","volume":"130","author":"Hoffman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum Genet."},{"issue":"10","key":"2020110612374992700_ocw027-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1038\/gim.2013.102","article-title":"Integration of genomics into the electronic health record: mapping terra incognita","volume":"15","author":"Kannry","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genet Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"2020110612374992700_ocw027-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1136\/amiajnl-2013-001694","article-title":"Genetic data and electronic health records: a discussion of ethical, logistical and technological considerations","volume":"21","author":"Shoenbill","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc."},{"issue":"14","key":"2020110612374992700_ocw027-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.1414","article-title":"Genomic medicine, health information technology, and patient care","volume":"309","author":"Chute","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"issue":"1","key":"2020110612374992700_ocw027-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.c.31386","article-title":"Characterizing genetic variants for clinical action","volume":"166C","author":"Ramos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet."},{"issue":"4","key":"2020110612374992700_ocw027-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1038\/gim.2012.157","article-title":"Implementing genomic medicine in the clinic: the future is here","volume":"15","author":"Manolio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genet Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"2020110612374992700_ocw027-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/gim.2012.131","article-title":"Leveraging the electronic health record to implement genomic medicine","volume":"15","author":"Kullo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genet Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"2020110612374992700_ocw027-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2011.12.005","article-title":"Technical desiderata for the integration of genomic data into Electronic Health Records","volume":"45","author":"Masys","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform."},{"key":"2020110612374992700_ocw027-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2014.05.014","article-title":"Technical desiderata for the integration of genomic data with clinical decision support","volume":"51","author":"Welch","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform."},{"key":"2020110612374992700_ocw027-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-62703-435-7_20","article-title":"PharmGKB: the pharmacogenomics knowledge base","volume":"1015","author":"Thorn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Methods Mol Bio."},{"issue":"4","key":"2020110612374992700_ocw027-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2012.96","article-title":"Pharmacogenomics knowledge for personalized medicine","volume":"92","author":"Whirl-Carrillo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Pharm Ther."},{"key":"2020110612374992700_ocw027-B38"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020110612374992700_ocw027-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1197\/jamia.M2055","article-title":"Using commercial knowledge bases for clinical decision support: opportunities, hurdles, and recommendations","volume":"13","author":"Kuperman","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc."},{"issue":"e1","key":"2020110612374992700_ocw027-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e117","DOI":"10.1136\/amiajnl-2013-001965","article-title":"A novel clinician interface to improve clinician access to up-to-date genetic results","volume":"21","author":"Wilcox","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc."},{"key":"2020110612374992700_ocw027-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocv065","article-title":"CSER and eMERGE: current and potential state of the display of genetic information in the electronic health record","author":"Shirts","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc."},{"issue":"3","key":"2020110612374992700_ocw027-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1136\/amiajnl-2013-001873","article-title":"Integrating pharmacogenetic information and clinical decision support into the electronic health record","volume":"21","author":"Goldspiel","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc."},{"key":"2020110612374992700_ocw027-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2014.137","article-title":"Design and anticipated outcomes of the eMERGE-PGx project: a multicenter pilot for preemptive pharmacogenomics in electronic health record systems","volume":"96","author":"Rasmussen-Torvik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Pharm Ther."},{"issue":"23","key":"2020110612374992700_ocw027-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2235","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsr1406261","article-title":"ClinGen: The Clinical Genome Resource","volume":"372","author":"Rehm","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"2020110612374992700_ocw027-B45"},{"key":"2020110612374992700_ocw027-B46"},{"key":"2020110612374992700_ocw027-B47"},{"key":"2020110612374992700_ocw027-B48"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jamia\/article-pdf\/23\/4\/796\/34147970\/ocw027.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jamia\/article-pdf\/23\/4\/796\/34147970\/ocw027.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,6]],"date-time":"2020-11-06T17:53:35Z","timestamp":1604685215000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jamia\/article\/23\/4\/796\/2200464"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,28]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jamia\/ocw027","relation":{},"ISSN":["1527-974X","1067-5027"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1527-974X","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1067-5027","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,28]]}}}