{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T03:18:10Z","timestamp":1779160690060,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,8]],"date-time":"2017-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1510099200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000051","name":"National Human Genome Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01HG008666"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01HG008666"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000051","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000051","name":"National Human Genome Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01HG006379"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01HG006379"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000051","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000051","name":"National Human Genome Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01HG8701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01HG8701"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000051","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000051","name":"National Human Genome Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01HG008680"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01HG008680"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000051","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000051","name":"National Human Genome Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01HG008672"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01HG008672"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000051","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Geocoding and characterizing geographic, community, and environmental characteristics of study participants is frequently done in epidemiological studies. However, participant addresses are identifiable protected health information (PHI) and geocoding must be conducted in a Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act\u2013compliant manner. Our objective was to create a software application for this process that addresses limitations in current approaches.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We used a containerization platform to create DeGAUSS (Decentralized Geomarker Assessment for Multi-Site Studies), a software application that facilitates reproducible geocoding and geomarker assessment while maintaining the confidentiality of PHI. To validate the software, 215\u2009350 addresses in Hamilton County, Ohio, were geocoded using DeGAUSS, ArcGIS, Google, and SAS and compared to a gold-standard approach. We distributed the DeGAUSS software to sites in an ongoing multisite study (Electronic Medical Records and Genomics, or eMERGE), and individual sites independently geocoded and assigned median census tract\u2013level income and distance to nearest major roadway to their participants\u2019 addresses, removed associated PHI, and returned deidentified data.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Within a multisite study, 52\u2009244 study participants\u2019 addresses across 5 sites were geocoded with a median distance to roadway of 10\u2009022m and a median census tract income of $57 266, demonstrating the feasibility of DeGAUSS within a multisite study. Compared to other commonly used geocoding platforms, DeGAUSS had similar geocoding and geomarker assessment accuracies.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The open source DeGAUSS software overcomes multiple challenges in the use of address data in multisite studies and also serves as a more general reproducible research tool for geocoding and geomarker assessment.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocx128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,15]],"date-time":"2017-10-15T19:06:25Z","timestamp":1508094385000},"page":"309-314","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":123,"title":["Decentralized and reproducible geocoding and characterization of community and environmental exposures for multisite studies"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Cole","family":"Brokamp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Wolfe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Todd","family":"Lingren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Harley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"2020110612363354500_ocx128-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2014.0496","article-title":"Housing code violation density associated with emergency department and hospital use by children with asthma","volume":"33","author":"Beck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Affairs."},{"key":"2020110612363354500_ocx128-B2","volume-title":"Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) Pub.L. 104191 and the HIPAA Privacy Rule 2003","author":"United States Public Law"},{"key":"2020110612363354500_ocx128-B3","volume-title":"Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act of 2009","author":"United States Public Law"},{"key":"2020110612363354500_ocx128-B4","volume-title":"Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects (Common Rule). 45 CFR Part 46","author":"United States Public Law"},{"issue":"8\u20139","key":"2020110612363354500_ocx128-B5","first-page":"e160","article-title":"Who hits the mark? A comparative study of the free geocoding services of google and openstreetmap","volume":"77","author":"Lemke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gesundheitswesen (Bundesverband der Arzte des Offentlichen Gesundheitsdienstes [Germany])."},{"issue":"3","key":"2020110612363354500_ocx128-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2007.11.006","article-title":"A comparison of address point, parcel and street geocoding techniques","volume":"32","author":"Zandbergen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comput Environ Urban Syst."},{"issue":"9","key":"2020110612363354500_ocx128-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1206016","article-title":"Impact of geocoding methods on associations between long-term exposure to urban air pollution and lung function","volume":"121","author":"Jacquemin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect."},{"issue":"6060","key":"2020110612363354500_ocx128-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1213847","article-title":"Reproducible research in computational science","volume":"334","author":"Peng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"2020110612363354500_ocx128-B9","author":"Brokamp"},{"key":"2020110612363354500_ocx128-B10","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2014"},{"issue":"9","key":"2020110612363354500_ocx128-B11","article-title":"Classes and methods for spatial data in R","volume":"5","author":"Bivand","year":"2005","journal-title":"R News"},{"key":"2020110612363354500_ocx128-B12","author":"Bivand"},{"key":"2020110612363354500_ocx128-B13","author":"Bivand"},{"key":"2020110612363354500_ocx128-B14","author":"Walker"},{"key":"2020110612363354500_ocx128-B15","volume-title":"TIGER\/Line Files [machine-readable data files]","year":"2015"},{"key":"2020110612363354500_ocx128-B16","volume-title":"TIGER\/Line Files Technical Documentation","year":"2015"},{"key":"2020110612363354500_ocx128-B17","volume-title":"Cincinnati Area Geographic Information System Files [machine-readable data files]","year":"2017"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020110612363354500_ocx128-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-012-0578-z","article-title":"Algorithms for geodesics","volume":"87","author":"Karney","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Geodesy."},{"key":"2020110612363354500_ocx128-B19","author":"Brokamp"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020110612363354500_ocx128-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1145\/2723872.2723882","article-title":"An introduction to Docker for reproducible research","volume":"49","author":"Boettiger","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACM SIGOPS Operating Sys Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"2020110612363354500_ocx128-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1755-8794-4-13","article-title":"The eMERGE Network: a consortium of biorepositories linked to electronic medical records data for conducting genomic studies","volume":"4","author":"McCarty","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Med Genomics."},{"issue":"5","key":"2020110612363354500_ocx128-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112408","article-title":"Bias due to misclassification in the estimation of relative risk","volume":"105","author":"Copeland","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2020110612363354500_ocx128-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2016.01.002","article-title":"Potential selection bias associated with using geocoded birth records for epidemiologic research","volume":"26","author":"Ha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol."}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jamia\/article-pdf\/25\/3\/309\/34150256\/ocx128.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jamia\/article-pdf\/25\/3\/309\/34150256\/ocx128.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,6]],"date-time":"2020-11-06T17:44:51Z","timestamp":1604684691000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jamia\/article\/25\/3\/309\/4604938"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,8]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jamia\/ocx128","relation":{},"ISSN":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1067-5027","type":"print"},{"value":"1527-974X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,8]]}}}