{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T22:54:02Z","timestamp":1761519242999,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,4]],"date-time":"2018-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1522800000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/about_us\/legal\/notices"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81271668"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81271668"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Technology Foundation Projects of Nantong","award":["MS12015112"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MS12015112"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development programs","award":["2016YFC0901602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFC0901602"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"NSFC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U1611261"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1611261"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science and Technology","award":["2014B010118003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014B010118003"]}]},{"name":"Frontier and Key Technology Innovation Project of Guangdong Province","award":["2014B010118003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014B010118003"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Province Health and Life Committee","award":["X201401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["X201401"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Province\u2019s Key Provincial Talents Program","award":["ZDRCA2016005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDRCA2016005"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Province Science and Technology Department","award":["BE2016002-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BE2016002-4"]}]},{"name":"Nanjing Science Bureau","award":["201608003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201608003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In recent years, electronic health record systems have been widely implemented in China, making clinical data available electronically. However, little effort has been devoted to making drug information exchangeable among these systems. This study aimed to build a Normalized Chinese Clinical Drug (NCCD) knowledge base, by applying and extending the information model of RxNorm to Chinese clinical drugs.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Chinese drugs were collected from 4 major resources\u2014China Food and Drug Administration, China Health Insurance Systems, Hospital Pharmacy Systems, and China Pharmacopoeia\u2014for integration and normalization in NCCD. Chemical drugs were normalized using the information model in RxNorm without much change. Chinese patent drugs (i.e., Chinese herbal extracts), however, were represented using an expanded RxNorm model to incorporate the unique characteristics of these drugs. A hybrid approach combining automated natural language processing technologies and manual review by domain experts was then applied to drug attribute extraction, normalization, and further generation of drug names at different specification levels. Lastly, we reported the statistics of NCCD, as well as the evaluation results using several sets of randomly selected Chinese drugs.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The current version of NCCD contains 16\u2009976 chemical drugs and 2663 Chinese patent medicines, resulting in 19\u2009639 clinical drugs, 250\u2009267 unique concepts, and 2\u2009602\u2009760 relations. By manual review of 1700 chemical drugs and 250 Chinese patent drugs randomly selected from NCCD (about 10%), we showed that the hybrid approach could achieve an accuracy of 98.60% for drug name extraction and normalization. Using a collection of 500 chemical drugs and 500 Chinese patent drugs from other resources, we showed that NCCD achieved coverages of 97.0% and 90.0% for chemical drugs and Chinese patent drugs, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Evaluation results demonstrated the potential to improve interoperability across various electronic drug systems in China.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocy020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,1]],"date-time":"2018-03-01T20:16:35Z","timestamp":1519935395000},"page":"809-818","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Toward a normalized clinical drug knowledge base in China\u2014applying the RxNorm model to Chinese clinical drugs"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Li","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Informatics, Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China"},{"name":"School of Biomedical Informatics, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}]},{"given":"Yaoyun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Informatics, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Informatics, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}]},{"given":"Jingqi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Informatics, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}]},{"given":"Jiancheng","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Informatics, Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Informatics and Management, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China"},{"name":"Department of Information, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China"}]},{"given":"Cui","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Informatics, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}]},{"given":"Guoqian","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Informatics, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"2020110612363720100_ocy020-B1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Application of electronic medical records in China","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin J Med Libr Inf Sci"},{"key":"2020110612363720100_ocy020-B2"},{"key":"2020110612363720100_ocy020-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/1053403","article-title":"Enabling health reform through regional health information exchange: a Model Study from China","volume":"2017","author":"Lei","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Healthcare Eng"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020110612363720100_ocy020-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1109\/MITP.2005.122","article-title":"RxNorm: prescription for electronic drug information exchange","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"IT Professional"},{"key":"2020110612363720100_ocy020-B5"},{"volume-title":"Challenges in the Implementation of Essential Medicine Drug List and National Basic Medical Insurance Drug Catalogue. 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