{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T06:33:25Z","timestamp":1777185205558,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,19]],"date-time":"2020-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584576000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":47,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this work, object-oriented integrated algorithms for an efficient flow analysis of the water pipe network are developed. This is achieved by treating the pipe network as a graph data structure with its nodes as the graph\u2019s nodes and the pipes as the edges. The algorithm for cycle (real cycle or pseudo-cycle) extraction has been developed using nested breadth-first search that gives ordered cycles. Pseudo-loops are found using the shortest path algorithm between the nodes. Pipes are initialized loop by loop using conservation of mass at nodes. A modified Hardy Cross method is used in the proposed work with third-order convergence. The friction factor is updated for every change in discharges. The pressure calculation has been done by the graph traversal algorithm between the reference nodes and node where the pressure is to be calculated using the energy equation. The pressure at all intermediate nodes is obtained in the course of the traversal. Balanced discharges and nodal pressure in the pipe network are compared with the simultaneous loop flow adjustment method and EPANET software. The proposed work gives more efficient flow analysis than the traditional Newton\u2013Raphson-based techniques for complex networks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jcde\/qwaa006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,25]],"date-time":"2020-02-25T20:14:44Z","timestamp":1582661684000},"page":"56-64","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Object-oriented integrated algorithms for efficient water pipe network by modified Hardy Cross technique"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Kailash","family":"Jha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad 826004, India"}]},{"given":"Manish Kumar","family":"Mishra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad 826004, India"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2020042408254943500_bib12","first-page":"61","article-title":"Modelling and simulation of water systems based on loop equations","volume":"5","author":"Arsene","year":"2004","journal-title":"International Journal of Simulation"},{"key":"2020042408254943500_bib16","first-page":"106","article-title":"Parallel breadth-first search LTL model-checking","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th IEEE International Conference on Automated Software Engineering","author":"Barnat","year":"2003"},{"key":"2020042408254943500_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45294-X_9","article-title":"Distributed LTL model checking based on negative cycle detection","author":"Brim","year":"2001"},{"key":"2020042408254943500_bib13","article-title":"Distributed explicit fair cycle detection","author":"Cerna","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 10th International Spin Workshop"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"2020042408254943500_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00121128","article-title":"Memory-efficient algorithms for the verification of temporal properties","volume":"1","author":"Courcoubetis","year":"1992","journal-title":"Formal Methods in System Design"},{"key":"2020042408254943500_bib1","volume-title":"Analysis of flow in networks of conduits or conductors","author":"Cross","year":"1936"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020042408254943500_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amc.2006.08.080","article-title":"A third-order Newton-type method to solve systems of nonlinear equations","volume":"187","author":"Darvishi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Applied Mathematics and Computation"},{"issue":"11","key":"2020042408254943500_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000266","article-title":"Considering actual pipe connections in water distribution network analysis","volume":"136","author":"Giustolisi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020042408254943500_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1177\/0037549710388749","article-title":"Modeling and simulation of water distribution systems using timed hybrid Petri nets","volume":"88","author":"Gudi\u00f1o-Mendoza","year":"2012","journal-title":"Simulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020042408254943500_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.2166\/hydro.2015.118","article-title":"Speeding up the water distribution network design optimization using the \u0394Q method","volume":"18","author":"Iveti\u0107","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Hydroinformatics"},{"issue":"11","key":"2020042408254943500_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1177\/0037549717708037","article-title":"Graph-based loop extraction for automatic analysis of a water pipe distribution network and comparison with EPANET","volume":"93","author":"Mishra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Simulation"},{"key":"2020042408254943500_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.5829\/idosi.ije.2014.27.09c.02","article-title":"Hydraulic analysis of water supply networks using a modified Hardy Cross method","volume":"27","author":"Moosavian","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Engineering"},{"issue":"14","key":"2020042408254943500_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5339","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-015-1121-9","article-title":"A graph portioning approach for hydraulic analysis\u2014design of looped pipe networks","volume":"29","author":"Rahimi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Resources Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020042408254943500_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1061\/JYCEAJ.0001747","article-title":"Water distribution systems analysis","volume":"94","author":"Shamir","year":"1968","journal-title":"Journal of the Hydraulics Division"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020042408254943500_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aej.2016.04.023","article-title":"Improvement of water distribution networks analysis by topological similarity","volume":"55","author":"Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alexandria Engineering Journal"},{"issue":"8","key":"2020042408254943500_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000364","article-title":"Water distribution system analysis: Newton\u2013Raphson method revisited","volume":"137","author":"Spiliotis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020042408254943500_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1061\/JYCEAJ.0004542","article-title":"Explicit equations for pipe-flow problems","volume":"102","author":"Swamee","year":"1976","journal-title":"Journal of Hydraulics Division"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020042408254943500_bib1_377_1581747162989","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-947X(1993)119:1(159)","article-title":"Design of a Submarine oil pipeline","volume":"119","author":"Swamee","year":"1993","journal-title":"J of Transp Engg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020042408254943500_bib20","first-page":"11","article-title":"Head-driven simulation of water supply networks","volume":"15","author":"Tabesh","year":"2002","journal-title":"International Journal of Engineering"},{"key":"2020042408254943500_bib8","first-page":"63","article-title":"A unifying view on the different looped pipe network analysis algorithms","volume-title":"Computing and control for the water industry","author":"Todini","year":"1999"},{"key":"2020042408254943500_bib7","article-title":"On the convergence properties of the different pipe network algorithms","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Water Distribution Systems Analysis Symposium","author":"Todini","year":"2006"},{"key":"2020042408254943500_bib4","article-title":"A gradient algorithm for the analysis of pipe networks","volume-title":"Computer applications in water supply","author":"Todini","year":"1988"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020042408254943500_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000703","article-title":"Unified framework for deriving simultaneous equation algorithms for water distribution networks","volume":"139","author":"Todini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering"},{"issue":"7","key":"2020042408254943500_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1061\/JYCEAJ.0003348","article-title":"Hydraulic network analysis using linear theory","volume":"98","author":"Wood","year":"1972","journal-title":"Journal of the Hydraulics Division"}],"container-title":["Journal of Computational Design and Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcde\/article-pdf\/7\/1\/56\/33123088\/qwaa006.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcde\/article-pdf\/7\/1\/56\/33123088\/qwaa006.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,28]],"date-time":"2021-02-28T23:51:49Z","timestamp":1614556309000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcde\/article\/7\/1\/56\/5809437"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jcde\/qwaa006","relation":{},"ISSN":["2288-5048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2288-5048","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]]}}}