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To address this problem, various hand gestures have been developed. Although such gestures can reduce visual demand, they are limited in number, lack passive feedback, and can be vague and imprecise, difficult to understand and remember, and culture-bound. To overcome these limitations, we developed a novel on-wheel finger spreading gestural interface combined with a head-up display (HUD) allowing the user to choose a menu displayed in the HUD with a gesture. This interface displays audio and air conditioning functions on the central console of a HUD and enables their control using a specific number of fingers while keeping both hands on the steering wheel. We compared the effectiveness of the newly proposed hybrid interface against a traditional tactile interface for a central console using objective measurements and subjective evaluations regarding both the vehicle and driver behaviour. A total of 32 subjects were recruited to conduct experiments on a driving simulator equipped with the proposed interface under various scenarios. The results showed that the proposed interface was approximately 20% faster in emergency response than the traditional interface, whereas its performance in maintaining vehicle speed and lane was not significantly different from that of the traditional one.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jcde\/qwaa052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T19:14:53Z","timestamp":1591038893000},"page":"700-721","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["User interface for in-vehicle systems with on-wheel finger spreading gestures and head-up displays"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8888-2201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang Hun","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Automotive Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea"}]},{"given":"Se-One","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of 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