{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T20:15:56Z","timestamp":1770668156843,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,26]],"date-time":"2020-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004396","name":"Thailand Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PHD58I0060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PHD58I0060"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004396","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>An investigation of the effect of the thermal performance of the flattened heat pipe on its double heat sources acting as central processing unit and graphics processing unit in laptop computers is presented in this work. A finite element method is used for predicting the flattening effect of the heat pipe. The cylindrical heat pipe with a diameter of 6 mm and the total length of 200 mm is flattened into three final thicknesses of 2, 3, and 4 mm. The heat pipe is placed under a horizontal configuration and heated with heater 1 and heater 2, 40 W in combination. The numerical model shows good agreement compared with the experimental data with the standard deviation of 1.85%. The results also show that flattening the cylindrical heat pipe to 66.7 and 41.7% of its original diameter could reduce its normalized thermal resistance by 5.2%. The optimized final thickness or the best design final thickness for the heat pipe is found to be 2.5 mm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jcde\/qwaa091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T12:34:33Z","timestamp":1606826073000},"page":"524-535","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Numerical simulation of flattened heat pipe with double heat sources for CPU and GPU cooling application in laptop computers"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Wisoot","family":"Sanhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9720-3618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kambiz","family":"Vafai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Niti","family":"Kammuang-Lue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pradit","family":"Terdtoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Phrut","family":"Sakulchangsatjatai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"2021042911565240000_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1016\/0017-9310(90)90226-K","article-title":"An analysis of the vapor flow and the heat conduction through the liquid-wick and pipe wall in a heat pipe with single or multiple heat sources","volume":"33","author":"Chen","year":"1990","journal-title":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021042911565240000_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2910624","article-title":"Experimental and numerical analysis of low-temperature heat pipes with multiple heat sources","volume":"113","author":"Faghri","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Heat Transfer"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021042911565240000_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2911193","article-title":"A study of high-temperature heat pipes with multiple heat sources and sinks: Part I\u2014Experimental methodology and frozen startup profiles","volume":"113","author":"Faghri","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Heat Transfer"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021042911565240000_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1007\/s00231-016-1871-9","article-title":"An investigation of thermal performance improvement of a cylindrical heat pipe using Al2O3 nanofluid","volume":"53","author":"Ghanbarpour","year":"2017","journal-title":"Heat and Mass Transfer"},{"key":"2021042911565240000_bib5","first-page":"87","article-title":"Transient performance of an inclined water heat pipe with a screen wick","volume":"236","author":"Huang","year":"1993","journal-title":"Heat Pipes and Capillary Pumped Loops"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021042911565240000_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.3844\/ajassp.2013.760.766","article-title":"Flattening effect on heat transfer characteristics of sintered-wick heat pipe","volume":"10","author":"Intagun","year":"2013","journal-title":"American Journal of Applied Sciences"},{"key":"2021042911565240000_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2020.113230","article-title":"Operation analysis, response and performance evaluation of a pulsating heat pipe for low temperature heat recovery","volume":"222","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Conversion and Management"},{"key":"2021042911565240000_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2016.02.111","article-title":"Numerical simulation of nanofluid application in a horizontal mesh heat pipe with multiple heat sources: A smart fluid for high efficiency thermal system","volume":"100","author":"Mashaei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Applied Thermal Engineering"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021042911565240000_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1002\/pen.760160905","article-title":"Methods for predicting the thermal conductivity of composite systems: A review","volume":"16","author":"Progelhof","year":"1976","journal-title":"Polymer Engineering & Science"},{"key":"2021042911565240000_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2019.122146","article-title":"Smart optimization of a thermosyphon heat pipe for an evacuated tube solar collector using response surface methodology (RSM)","volume":"534","author":"Sarafraz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications"},{"issue":"16","key":"2021042911565240000_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2011.06.026","article-title":"Performance characteristics of cylindrical heat pipes with multiple heat sources","volume":"31","author":"Shabgard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Applied Thermal Engineering"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021042911565240000_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2009.09.019","article-title":"An investigation of the thermal performance of cylindrical heat pipes using nanofluids","volume":"53","author":"Shafahi","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021042911565240000_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.3844\/ajassp.2013.1077.1086","article-title":"An investigation of thermal characteristics of a sintered-wick heat pipe with double heat sources","volume":"10","author":"Tharawadee","year":"2013","journal-title":"American Journal of Applied Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021042911565240000_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0017-9310(97)00075-6","article-title":"Vapor and liquid flow in an asymmetrical flat plate heat pipe: A three-dimensional analytical and numerical investigation","volume":"41","author":"Zhu","year":"1998","journal-title":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer"},{"issue":"18","key":"2021042911565240000_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3405","DOI":"10.1016\/S0017-9310(99)00017-4","article-title":"Analysis of cylindrical heat pipes incorporating the effects of liquid\u2013vapor coupling and non-Darcian transport\u2014A closed form solution","volume":"42","author":"Zhu","year":"1999","journal-title":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer"}],"container-title":["Journal of Computational Design and Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcde\/article-pdf\/8\/2\/524\/37562278\/qwaa091.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcde\/article-pdf\/8\/2\/524\/37562278\/qwaa091.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]],"date-time":"2021-04-29T12:01:41Z","timestamp":1619697701000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcde\/article\/8\/2\/524\/6053160"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,26]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jcde\/qwaa091","relation":{},"ISSN":["2288-5048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2288-5048","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,26]]}}}