{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T23:58:20Z","timestamp":1740182300568,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]],"date-time":"2021-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000038","name":"FDA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSF223201810182C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSF223201810182C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R43GM108380-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R43GM108380-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Existing computational models used for simulating the flow and species transport in the human airways are zero-dimensional (0D) compartmental, three-dimensional (3D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD), or the recently developed quasi-3D (Q3D) models. Unlike compartmental models, the full CFD and Q3D models are physiologically and anatomically consistent in the mouth and the upper airways, since the starting point of these models is the mouth\u2013lung surface geometry, typically created from computed tomography (CT) scans. However, the current resolution of CT scans limits the airway detection between the 3rd\u20134th and 7th\u20139th generations. Consequently, CFD and the Q3D models developed using these scans are generally limited to these generations. In this study, we developed a method to extend the conducting airways from the end of the truncated Q3D lung to the tracheobronchial (TB) limit. We grew the lung generations within the closed lung lobes using the modified constrained constructive optimization, creating an aerodynamically optimized network aiming to produce equal pressure at the distal ends of the terminal segments. This resulted in a TB volume and lateral area of \u223c165\u2009cc and \u223c2000 cm2, respectively. We created a \u201csac\u2013trumpet\u201d model at each of the TB outlets to represent the alveoli. The volumes of the airways and the individual alveolar generations match the anatomical values by design: with the functional residual capacity at 2611 cc. Lateral surface areas were scaled to match the physiological values. These generated Q3D whole lung models can be efficiently used for conducting multiple breathing cycles of drug transport and deposition simulations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jcde\/qwab008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]],"date-time":"2021-02-03T22:55:57Z","timestamp":1612392957000},"page":"691-704","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A quasi-3D model of the whole lung: airway extension to the tracheobronchial limit using the constrained constructive optimization and alveolar modeling, using a sac\u2013trumpet model"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8046-673X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ravishekar (Ravi)","family":"Kannan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CFD Research Corporation, 701 McMillian Way NW, Suite D, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA"}]},{"given":"Narender","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CFD Research Corporation, 701 McMillian Way NW, Suite D, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA"}]},{"given":"Andrzej","family":"Przekwas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CFD Research Corporation, 701 McMillian Way NW, Suite D, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9282-5410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xianlian Alex","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 Martin Luther King Blvd, 323 Martin Luther King Blvd, Newark, NJ 07102, USA"}]},{"given":"Ross","family":"Walenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Drug Evaluation Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Babiskin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Drug Evaluation Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2021042911564380900_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1080\/02786820119122","article-title":"Particle deposition in a multiple-path model of the human lung","volume":"34","author":"Asgharian","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aerosol Science and Technology"},{"key":"2021042911564380900_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1145\/1360612.1360643","article-title":"Cohen-Or D and Lee TY. 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