{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T20:34:36Z","timestamp":1785530076062,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003052","name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20012462"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20012462"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003693","name":"KIST","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2V08640"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2V08640"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003693","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003693","name":"KIST","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2E31051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2E31051"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003693","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Collaborating in a physically remote location saves time and money. Many remote collaboration systems have been studied and commercialized. Their capabilities have been confined to virtual objects and information. More recent studies have focused on collaborating in a physical environment and with physical objects. However, they have limitations including shaky and unstable views (scenes), view dependence, low scalability, and poor content expression. In this paper, we propose a web-based extended reality (XR) collaboration system that alleviates the aforementioned issues and enables effective, reproducible cooperation. Our proposed system comprises three parts: interaction device webization, which expands the web browser\u2019s device interfaces; unified XR representation, which describes content interoperable in both virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR); and unified coordinate creation, which enables presenting physical objects\u2019 pose in world coordinates. With this system, a user in VR can intuitively instruct the manipulation of a physical object by manipulating a virtual object representative of the physical object. Conversely, a user in AR can catch up with the instruction by observing the augmented virtual object on the physical object. Moreover, as the pose of the physical object at the AR user\u2019s worksite is reflected in the virtual object, the VR user can recognize the working progress and give feedback to the AR user. To improve remote collaboration, we surveyed XR collaboration studies and proposed a new method for classifying XR collaborative applications based on the virtual\u2013real engagement and ubiquitous computing continuum. We implemented a prototype and conducted a survey among submarine crews, most of whom were positively inclined to use our system, to convey that the system would be helpful in improving their job performance. Furthermore, we suggested possible improvements to it to enhance each participant\u2019s understanding of the other user\u2019s context within the XR collaboration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jcde\/qwab012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]],"date-time":"2021-02-10T19:00:32Z","timestamp":1612983632000},"page":"756-772","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["XR collaboration beyond virtual reality: work in the real world"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1692-2117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongjae","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Artificial Intelligence, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarangro14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, South Korea"},{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9299-349X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Byounghyun","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Artificial Intelligence, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarangro14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib1","first-page":"235","article-title":"RemoteFusion: real time depth camera fusion for remote collaboration on physical tasks","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 12th ACM SIGGRAPH International Conference on Virtual-Reality Continuum and Its Applications in Industry - VRCAI \u201913","author":"Adcock","year":"2013"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib2","article-title":"Extended reality approach for construction quality control","volume-title":"International Council for Research and Innovation in Building and Construction (CIB)","author":"Al-Adhami","year":"2019"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/987830","article-title":"A study of gestures in a video-mediated collaborative assembly task","volume":"2011","author":"Alem","year":"2011","journal-title":"Advances in Human\u2013Computer Interaction"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-58542-6_42","article-title":"Neural point-based graphics","author":"Aliev","year":"2020"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib5","article-title":"AR quick look","author":"Apple Inc.","year":"2019"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib6","first-page":"3","article-title":"Exploration of different augmented reality visualizations for enhancing situation awareness for remote factory planning assistance","volume-title":"Fourth IEEE VR International Workshop on 3D Collaborative Virtual Environments (3DCVE 2018)","author":"Aschenbrenner","year":"2018"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1109\/ISWC.1999.806696","article-title":"\u201cWhere are you pointing at?\u201d A study of remote collaboration in a wearable video conference system","volume-title":"Digest of Papers. Third International Symposium on Wearable Computers","author":"Bauer","year":"1999"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021070811150754500_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2013.33","article-title":"Immersive group-to-group telepresence","volume":"19","author":"Beck","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1145\/1559764.1559784","article-title":"X3DOM: A DOM-based HTML5\/X3D integration model","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on 3D Web Technology - Web3D \u201909","author":"Behr","year":"2009"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1145\/2010425.2010440","article-title":"Dynamic and interactive aspects of X3DOM","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on 3D Web Technology - Web3D \u201911","author":"Behr","year":"2011"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/1198555.1198711","article-title":"Modern approaches to augmented reality","volume-title":"ACM SIGGRAPH 2005 Courses - SIGGRAPH \u201905","author":"Bimber","year":"2005"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/b10624","volume-title":"Spatial augmented reality: Merging real and virtual worlds","author":"Bimber","year":"2005","edition":"1st ed."},{"issue":"2","key":"2021070811150754500_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3390\/info9020031","article-title":"Mobile mixed reality for experiential learning and simulation in medical and health sciences education","volume":"9","author":"Birt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Information"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021070811150754500_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcde.2019.02.001","article-title":"Maintenance in aeronautics in an Industry 4.0 context: The role of augmented reality and additive manufacturing","volume":"6","author":"Ceruti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Computational Design and Engineering"},{"issue":"17","key":"2021070811150754500_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2020.1778351","article-title":"Virtual reality sickness: A review of causes and measurements","volume":"36","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Human\u2013Computer Interaction"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1145\/2814347.2814350","article-title":"3D collaboration method over HoloLensTM and SkypeTM end points","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Immersive Media Experiences - ImmersiveME \u201915","author":"Chen","year":"2015"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib17","first-page":"4045","article-title":"Effects of sharing physiological states of players in a collaborative virtual reality gameplay","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI \u201917","author":"Dey","year":"2017"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib18","first-page":"1548","article-title":"Stabilized annotations for mobile remote assistance","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI \u201916","author":"Fakourfar","year":"2016"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2005484","article-title":"CAVE2: A hybrid reality environment for immersive simulation and information analysis","volume-title":"The Engineering Reality of Virtual Reality 2013","author":"Febretti","year":"2013"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1145\/2771839.2771842","article-title":"Marker-based augmented reality: Instructional-design to improve children interactions with astronomical concepts","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Interaction Design and Children - IDC \u201915","author":"Fleck","year":"2015"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV.2007.29","article-title":"hMouse: Head tracking driven virtual computer mouse","volume-title":"2007 IEEE Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV \u201907)","author":"Fu","year":"2007"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021070811150754500_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcde.2018.05.007","article-title":"An indoor thermal environment design system for renovation using augmented reality","volume":"6","author":"Fukuda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Computational Design and Engineering"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2999508.2999531","article-title":"An oriented point-cloud view for MR remote collaboration","volume-title":"SIGGRAPH ASIA 2016 Mobile Graphics and Interactive Applications - SA \u201916","author":"Gao","year":"2016"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3132787.3139204","article-title":"Static local environment capturing and sharing for MR remote collaboration","volume-title":"SIGGRAPH Asia 2017 Mobile Graphics & Interactive Applications - SA \u201917","author":"Gao","year":"2017"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3275495.3275515","article-title":"Real-time visual representations for mobile mixed reality remote collaboration","volume-title":"SIGGRAPH Asia 2018 Virtual & Augmented Reality - SA \u201918","author":"Gao","year":"2018"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1145\/2642918.2647372","article-title":"World-stabilized annotations and virtual scene navigation for remote collaboration","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 27th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology - UIST \u201914","author":"Gauglitz","year":"2014"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib27","article-title":"Google earth","author":"Google Inc.","year":"2005"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2019.8798080","article-title":"Characterizing asymmetric collaborative interactions in virtual and augmented realities","volume-title":"2019 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR)","author":"Grandi","year":"2019"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021070811150754500_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1109\/2.291294","article-title":"Computer-supported cooperative work: History and focus","volume":"27","author":"Grudin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Computer"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021070811150754500_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2413","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2016.2593778","article-title":"Do you see what i see? The effect of gaze tracking on task space remote collaboration","volume":"22","author":"Gupta","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021070811150754500_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.001.1900063","article-title":"Tactile-internet-based telesurgery system for healthcare 4.0: An architecture, research challenges, and future directions","volume":"33","author":"Gupta","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Network"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1145\/2207676.2207763","article-title":"TeleAdvisor: A versatile augmented reality tool for remote assistance","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI \u201912","author":"Gurevich","year":"2012"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib33","first-page":"2383","article-title":"ImmerseBoard: Immersive telepresence experience using a digital whiteboard","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI \u201915","author":"Higuchi","year":"2015"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-40483-2_5","article-title":"HandsIn3D: Supporting remote guidance with immersive virtual environments","volume-title":"Human\u2013Computer Interaction \u2013 INTERACT 2013","author":"Huang","year":"2013"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3329714.3338137","article-title":"XR collaboration architecture based on decentralized web","volume-title":"The 24th International Conference on 3D Web Technology - Web3D \u201919","author":"Huh","year":"2019"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021070811150754500_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3178","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2019.2932173","article-title":"Conveying spatial awareness cues in XR collaborations","volume":"25","author":"Irlitti","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1145\/2466533.2466547","article-title":"Declarative Integration of Interactive 3D Graphics into the World-Wide Web: Principles, current approaches, and research agenda","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on 3D Web Technology - Web3D \u201913","author":"Jankowski","year":"2013"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1145\/2642918.2647383","article-title":"RoomAlive: Magical experiences enabled by scalable, adaptive projector-camera units","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 27th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology - UIST \u201914","author":"Jones","year":"2014"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1145\/2207676.2208333","article-title":"IllumiShare: Sharing any surface","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI \u201912","author":"Junuzovic","year":"2012"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2407707.2407727","article-title":"Second surface: Multi-user spatial collaboration system based on augmented reality","volume-title":"SIGGRAPH Asia 2012 Emerging Technologies - SA \u201912","author":"Kasahara","year":"2012"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021070811150754500_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2016.2642947","article-title":"JackIn Head: Immersive visual telepresence system with omnidirectional wearable camera","volume":"23","author":"Kasahara","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1109\/IWAR.1999.803809","article-title":"Marker tracking and HMD calibration for a video-based augmented reality conferencing system","volume-title":"Proceedings Second IEEE and ACM International Workshop on Augmented Reality (IWAR\u201999)","author":"Kato","year":"1999"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR.2014.6948412","article-title":"Improving co-presence with augmented visual communication cues for sharing experience through video conference","volume-title":"2014 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR)","author":"Kim","year":"2014"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib45","first-page":"567","article-title":"Polly wanna show you: Examining viewpoint-conveyance techniques for a shoulder-worn telepresence system","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Human\u2013Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services Adjunct - MobileHCI \u201915","author":"Kratz","year":"2015"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib46","article-title":"The stretchable arms for collaborative remote guiding","volume-title":"International Conference on Artificial Reality and Telexistence and Eurographics Symposium on Virtual Environments (ICAT-EGVE 2015)","author":"Le\u00a0Ch\u00e9n\u00e9chal","year":"2015"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/3DCVE.2016.7563559","article-title":"Vishnu: Virtual immersive support for HelpiNg users - An interaction paradigm for collaborative remote guiding in mixed reality","volume-title":"The Third International Workshop on Collaborative Virtual Environments (3DCVE 2016)","author":"Le\u00a0Ch\u00e9n\u00e9chal","year":"2016"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib48","first-page":"179","article-title":"From the matrix to a model of coordinated action (MoCA): A conceptual framework of and for CSCW","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing - CSCW \u201915","author":"Lee","year":"2015"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib49","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mixed reality collaboration through sharing a live panorama","volume-title":"SIGGRAPH Asia 2017 Mobile Graphics & Interactive Applications - SA \u201917","author":"Lee","year":"2017"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR.2018.00051","article-title":"A user study on MR remote collaboration using live 360 video","volume-title":"2018 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR)","author":"Lee","year":"2018"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib51","first-page":"1","article-title":"Unified representation for XR content and its rendering method","volume-title":"The 25th International Conference on 3D Web Technology - Web3D \u201920","author":"Lee","year":"2020"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib52","article-title":"Second life","author":"Linden Research Inc.","year":"2003"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib53","first-page":"1","article-title":"Remixed reality: Manipulating space and time in augmented reality","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI \u201918","author":"Lindlbauer","year":"2018"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib54","first-page":"131","article-title":"Online product maintenance by web-based augmented reality","author":"Lipson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proceedings of CIRP Design Seminar on New Tools and Workflow for Product Development"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib55","article-title":"All reality: Virtual, augmented, mixed (X), mediated (X,Y), and multimediated reality","author":"Mann","year":"2018"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib56","article-title":"A-Frame","author":"Marcos","year":"2020"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021070811150754500_bib57","first-page":"1321","article-title":"Taxonomy of mixed reality visual displays","volume":"E77-D","author":"Milgram","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021070811150754500_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1696","article-title":"The effectiveness of virtual and augmented reality in health sciences and medical anatomy","volume":"10","author":"Moro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anatomical Sciences Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021070811150754500_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13049","article-title":"HoloLens and mobile augmented reality in medical and health science education: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"52","author":"Moro","year":"2021","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib60","first-page":"1245","article-title":"Virtual objects as spatial cues in collaborative mixed reality environments: How they shape communication behavior and user task load","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI \u201916","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2016"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1145\/2677199.2680549","article-title":"LiveSphere: Sharing the surrounding visual environment for immersive experience in remote collaboration","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction - TEI \u201915","author":"Nagai","year":"2015"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib62","article-title":"Tracking for distributed mixed reality environments","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE Virtual Reality Workshop on Trends and Issues in Tracking for Virtual Environments","author":"Newman","year":"2007"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2016.7504746","article-title":"Anchoring 2D gesture annotations in augmented reality","volume-title":"2016 IEEE Virtual Reality (VR)","author":"Nuernberger","year":"2016"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR.2012.6402558","article-title":"3D referencing techniques for physical objects in shared augmented reality","volume-title":"2012 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR)","author":"Oda","year":"2012"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib65","article-title":"Keyhole markup language","author":"OGC","year":"2008"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib66","article-title":"Augmented reality markup language","author":"OGC","year":"2010"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib67","article-title":"Geography markup language","author":"OGC","year":"2010"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1145\/2984511.2984517","article-title":"Holoportation: Virtual 3D teleportation in real-time","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 29th Annual Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology - UIST \u201916","author":"Orts-Escolano","year":"2016"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021070811150754500_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1109\/MPRV.2009.47","article-title":"Guest editors\u2019 introduction: Cross-reality environments","volume":"8","author":"Paradiso","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Pervasive Computing"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-74796-3_8","article-title":"Mutual awareness in collocated and distant collaborative tasks using shared interfaces","volume-title":"Human\u2013Computer Interaction \u2013 INTERACT 2007","author":"Pauchet","year":"2007"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1109\/ICGI47575.2019.8955025","article-title":"Extended reality framework for remote collaborative interactions in virtual environments","volume-title":"2019 International Conference on Graphics and Interaction (ICGI)","author":"Pereira","year":"2019"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/247108","article-title":"Multicamera real-time 3D modeling for telepresence and remote collaboration","volume":"2010","author":"Petit","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Digital Multimedia Broadcasting"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3132787.3139200","article-title":"Exploring enhancements for remote mixed reality collaboration","volume-title":"SIGGRAPH Asia 2017 Mobile Graphics & Interactive Applications - SA \u201917","author":"Piumsomboon","year":"2017"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib74","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mini-Me: An adaptive avatar for mixed reality remote collaboration","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI \u201918","author":"Piumsomboon","year":"2018"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib75","first-page":"1","article-title":"On the shoulder of the giant: A multi-scale mixed reality collaboration with 360 video sharing and tangible interaction","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI \u201919","author":"Piumsomboon","year":"2019"},{"issue":"CSCW","key":"2021070811150754500_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3274411","article-title":"Normative tensions in shared augmented reality","volume":"2","author":"Poretski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human\u2013Computer Interaction"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib77","first-page":"242","article-title":"Extending WWW to support platform independent virtual reality","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Internet Society\/European Networking","author":"Raggett","year":"1995"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021070811150754500_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1145\/3386569.3392493","article-title":"The eyes have it: An integrated eye and face model for photorealistic facial animation","volume":"39","author":"Schwartz","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Graphics"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1145\/290747.290822","article-title":"Gesture VR: Vision-based 3D hand interface for spatial interaction","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Sixth ACM International Conference on Multimedia - MULTIMEDIA \u201998","author":"Segen","year":"1998"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021070811150754500_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1145\/341852.341869","article-title":"Look Ma, no mouse!","volume":"43","author":"Segen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib81","first-page":"401","article-title":"Webizing mixed reality for cooperative augmentation of life experience","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing Companion - CSCW \u201916 Companion","author":"Seo","year":"2016"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3208806.3208808","article-title":"Webizing collaborative interaction space for cross reality with various human interface devices","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 23rd International ACM Conference on 3D Web Technology - Web3D \u201918","author":"Seo","year":"2018"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021070811150754500_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.destud.2009.11.001","article-title":"Augmented reality for collaborative product design and development","volume":"31","author":"Shen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Design Studies"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1145\/2470654.2470679","article-title":"BeThere: 3D mobile collaboration with spatial input","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI \u201913","author":"Sodhi","year":"2013"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021070811150754500_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1093\/jcde\/qwaa040","article-title":"I walk, therefore I am: A multidimensional study on the influence of the locomotion method upon presence in virtual reality","volume":"7","author":"Soler-Dom\u00ednguez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Computational Design and Engineering"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1145\/1836049.1836076","article-title":"XML3D: Interactive 3D graphics for the web","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Web 3D Technology - Web3D \u201910","author":"Sons","year":"2010"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib87","author":"Stark","year":"2019","journal-title":"Digital twin"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021070811150754500_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcde.2018.05.006","article-title":"Navigation modes, operation methods, observation scales and background options in UI design for high learning performance in VR-based architectural applications","volume":"6","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Computational Design and Engineering"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1145\/2775292.2775295","article-title":"A CSS integration model for declarative 3D","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on 3D Web Technology - Web3D \u201915","author":"Sutter","year":"2015"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021070811150754500_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/s10606-015-9231-8","article-title":"The effect of view independence in a collaborative AR system","volume":"24","author":"Tait","year":"2015","journal-title":"Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW)"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib91","first-page":"271","article-title":"Three\u2019s company: Understanding communication channels in three-way distributed collaboration","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2010 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work - CSCW \u201910","author":"Tang","year":"2010"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021070811150754500_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3563","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-017-0233-1","article-title":"Digital twin-driven product design, manufacturing and service with big data","volume":"94","author":"Tao","year":"2018","journal-title":"The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1145\/505008.505019","article-title":"VRPN: A device-independent, network-transparent VR peripheral system","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology - VRST \u201901","author":"Taylor","year":"2001"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib94","first-page":"323","article-title":"3D helping hands: A gesture based MR system for remote collaboration","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 11th ACM SIGGRAPH International Conference on Virtual-Reality Continuum and Its Applications in Industry - VRCAI \u201912","author":"Tecchia","year":"2012"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib95","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mixed reality remote collaboration combining 360 video and 3D reconstruction","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI \u201919","author":"Teo","year":"2019"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7727","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2019.00782","article-title":"xR-EgoPose: Egocentric 3D human pose from an HMD camera","volume-title":"2019 IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)","author":"Tome","year":"2019"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib38","first-page":"339","article-title":"Face as mouse through visual face tracking","volume-title":"The Second Canadian Conference on Computer and Robot Vision (CRV\u201905)","author":"Tu","year":"2005"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/4574172","article-title":"Recent development of augmented reality in surgery: A review","volume":"2017","author":"V\u00e1vra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Healthcare Engineering"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib98","article-title":"Gamepad","author":"W3C","year":"2020"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib99","article-title":"WebXR device API","author":"W3C","year":"2020"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR-Adjunct.2019.00038","article-title":"An MR remote collaborative platform based on 3D CAD models for training in industry","volume-title":"2019 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct (ISMAR-Adjunct)","author":"Wang","year":"2019"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib101","article-title":"X3D","author":"Web3D Consortium","year":"2001"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib102","article-title":"X3D version 4","author":"Web3D Consortium","year":"2020"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib103","first-page":"1377","article-title":"Support for deictic pointing in CVEs: Still fragmented after all these years","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 17th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing - CSCW \u201914","author":"Wong","year":"2014"},{"key":"2021070811150754500_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1145\/2642918.2647393","article-title":"3D-Board: A whole-body remote collaborative whiteboard","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 27th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology - UIST \u201914","author":"Zillner","year":"2014"}],"container-title":["Journal of Computational Design and Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcde\/article-pdf\/8\/2\/756\/37562008\/qwab012.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcde\/article-pdf\/8\/2\/756\/37562008\/qwab012.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]],"date-time":"2021-07-08T20:00:23Z","timestamp":1625774423000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcde\/article\/8\/2\/756\/6175348"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]]},"references-count":104,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jcde\/qwab012","relation":{},"ISSN":["2288-5048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2288-5048","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]]}}}