{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T07:11:49Z","timestamp":1784013109054,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,12]],"date-time":"2022-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/N005813\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/N005813\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/R003564\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/R003564\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/V007335\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/V007335\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The transformation in manufacturing capability being driven by new processes, such as additive manufacturing, offers huge potential for product innovation and opportunity to create bespoke designs tailored to individual specifications or needs. However, current design systems and tools are not yet capable of fully capitalizing on these new technologies and new approaches are needed. Many current methodologies are top-down and sequential, offering limited flexibility and an overly constrained design space. Post-processing is needed to ensure that a design can be manufactured. This work presents a novel bottom-up methodology to generate designs that can be tightly integrated with the additive manufacturing environment and that can respond flexibly to changes in that environment. Focusing on overhang as an exemplar manufacturing constraint, the method engenders changes in the design either by locally adjusting the geometry to stay within limits or by adding an appropriate support structure. The method is bio-inspired, based on strategies observed in natural systems, particularly in biological growth and development. The design geometry is grown in a computer-aided design-based, bio-inspired generative design system called \u2018Biohaviour\u2019. This process is similar to plant growth, and the design\u2019s final configuration, shape, and size are informed by both the manufacturing capability and internal design stresses. The approach is demonstrated for overhang limit and build orientation and is extensible to any general situation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jcde\/qwac016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,2]],"date-time":"2022-02-02T12:11:50Z","timestamp":1643803910000},"page":"463-479","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Generative design for additive manufacturing using a biological development analogy"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4551-4457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Price","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, BT9 5AH, Belfast, N. Ireland, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, BT9 5AH, Belfast, N. Ireland, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imelda","family":"Friel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, BT9 5AH, Belfast, N. Ireland, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trevor","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, BT9 5AH, Belfast, N. Ireland, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roisin","family":"McConnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, BT9 5AH, Belfast, N. Ireland, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Declan","family":"Nolan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, BT9 5AH, Belfast, N. Ireland, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Kilpatrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, BT9 5BN, Belfast, N. Ireland, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sakil","family":"Barbhuiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, BT9 5BN, Belfast, N. Ireland, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Kyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, BT9 5AH, Belfast, N. Ireland, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2022031215195142100_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1007\/s00158-018-2152-7","article-title":"Enhancing CAD-based shape optimisation by automatically updating the CAD model's parameterisation","volume":"59","author":"Agarwal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization"},{"issue":"10","key":"2022031215195142100_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900524","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.201900524","article-title":"Multifunctional mechanical metamaterials based on triply periodic minimal surface lattices","volume":"21","author":"Al-Ketan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Advanced Engineering Materials"},{"key":"2022031215195142100_bib3","first-page":"144","volume-title":"40 Principles: TRIZ keys to technical innovation (extended edition)","author":"Altshuller","year":"2005"},{"key":"2022031215195142100_bib4","volume-title":"Topology optimization theory, methods, and applications","author":"Bendsoe","year":"2004","edition":"2nd ed."},{"issue":"4","key":"2022031215195142100_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-4485(97)00070-5","article-title":"Representation and management of feature information in a cellular model","volume":"30","author":"Bidarra","year":"1998","journal-title":"Computer-Aided Design"},{"issue":"12","key":"2022031215195142100_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cad.2004.12.006","article-title":"Efficiency of boundary evaluation for a cellular model","volume":"37","author":"Bidarra","year":"2005","journal-title":"Computer-Aided Design"},{"key":"2022031215195142100_bib7","volume-title":"SolidWorks","author":"Dassault Systemes","year":"2013"},{"key":"2022031215195142100_bib8","volume-title":"CATIA","author":"Dassault Systems","year":"2013"},{"issue":"11","key":"2022031215195142100_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111102","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4028289","article-title":"Bio-inspired design: An overview investigating open questions from the broader field of design-by-analogy","volume":"136","author":"Fu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Mechanical Design, Transactions of the ASME"},{"key":"2022031215195142100_bib10","first-page":"563","article-title":"Whither design theory and methods?","volume-title":"51st International Conference of the Architectural Science Association","author":"Gero","year":"2017"},{"key":"2022031215195142100_bib11","first-page":"287","article-title":"Exploring style emergence in architectural design","volume-title":"Caadria \u201997, September 2014","author":"Gero","year":"1997"},{"key":"2022031215195142100_bib12","first-page":"43","article-title":"How to make design optimization more useful to designers","volume":"23","author":"Gero","year":"2006","journal-title":"Architectural Design"},{"key":"2022031215195142100_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2021.108840","article-title":"Additively manufactured continuous carbon fiber-reinforced thermoplastic for topology optimized unmanned aerial vehicle structures","volume":"216","author":"Goh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Composites Part B: Engineering"},{"key":"2022031215195142100_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2017.03.030","article-title":"A fully developed flow thermofluid model for topology optimization of 3D-printed air-cooled heat exchangers","volume":"119","author":"Haertel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Applied Thermal Engineering"},{"key":"2022031215195142100_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2015.01.082","article-title":"Design strategies for the process of additive manufacturing","volume":"36","author":"Klahn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022031215195142100_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cad.2010.09.009","article-title":"A practical generative design method","volume":"43","author":"Krish","year":"2011","journal-title":"Computer-Aided Design"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022031215195142100_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"PR5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(98)70006-5","article-title":"Plant hormones","volume":"8","author":"Leyser","year":"1998","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022031215195142100_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1017\/S0890060412000042","article-title":"Spatial grammar implementation: From theory to useable software","volume":"26","author":"McKay","year":"2012","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing: AIEDAM"},{"key":"2022031215195142100_bib36_1646106498496","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cad.2016.08.006","article-title":"Support structure constrained topology optimization for additive manufacturing","volume":"81","author":"Mirzendehdel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Computer-Aided Design"},{"key":"2022031215195142100_bib19","volume-title":"NASA systems engineering, handbook","author":"NASA","year":"1995"},{"key":"2022031215195142100_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cad.2014.08.030","article-title":"Defining simulation intent","volume":"59","author":"Nolan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Computer-Aided Design"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022031215195142100_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1007\/s00366-013-0317-y","article-title":"Automatic dimensional reduction and meshing of stiffened thin-wall structures","volume":"30","author":"Nolan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Engineering with Computers"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022031215195142100_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirp.2013.03.124","article-title":"Maintaining design intent for aircraft manufacture","volume":"62","author":"Price","year":"2013","journal-title":"CIRP Annals \u2013 Manufacturing Technology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022031215195142100_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paerosci.2006.11.002","article-title":"An integrated systems engineering approach to aircraft design","volume":"42","author":"Price","year":"2006","journal-title":"Progress in Aerospace Sciences"},{"key":"2022031215195142100_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1145\/1128888.1128905","article-title":"Automated mixed dimensional modelling for the finite element analysis of swept and revolved CAD features","volume-title":"Proceedings SPM 2006 \u2013 ACM Symposium on Solid and Physical Modeling","author":"Robinson","year":"2006"},{"key":"2022031215195142100_bib26","volume-title":"NX","author":"Siemens","year":"2020"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022031215195142100_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1068\/b030187","article-title":"Two exercises in formal composition","volume":"3","author":"Stiny","year":"1976","journal-title":"Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design"},{"key":"2022031215195142100_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2016.04.194","article-title":"Instant set-based design, an easy path to set-based design","volume":"50","author":"Str\u00f6m","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"2022031215195142100_bib29","volume-title":"The principles of design","author":"Su","year":"1990"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022031215195142100_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cad.2008.11.009","article-title":"A survey of CAD model simplification techniques for physics-based simulation applications","volume":"41","author":"Thakur","year":"2009","journal-title":"Computer-Aided Design"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022031215195142100_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirp.2016.05.004","article-title":"Design for additive manufacturing: Trends, opportunities, considerations, and constraints","volume":"65","author":"Thompson","year":"2016","journal-title":"CIRP Annals \u2013 Manufacturing Technology"},{"key":"2022031215195142100_bib32","volume-title":"Topological structures for geometric modelling","author":"Weiler","year":"1986"},{"key":"2022031215195142100_bib33","first-page":"3","article-title":"The radial edge structure","volume-title":"Geometric modelling for CAD applications","author":"Weiler","year":"1988"},{"issue":"17","key":"2022031215195142100_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3524","DOI":"10.3390\/app9173524","article-title":"An amalgamation of hormone inspired arbitration systems for application in robot swarms","volume":"9","author":"Wilson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Applied Sciences (Switzerland)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022031215195142100_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirp.2020.04.091","article-title":"Bio-inspired generative design for support structure generation and optimization in additive manufacturing (AM)","volume":"69","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"CIRP Annals"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022031215195142100_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cja.2020.09.020","article-title":"A review of topology optimization for additive manufacturing: Status and challenges","volume":"34","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Aeronautics"}],"container-title":["Journal of Computational Design and Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcde\/article-pdf\/9\/2\/463\/42875574\/qwac016.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcde\/article-pdf\/9\/2\/463\/42875574\/qwac016.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,12]],"date-time":"2022-03-12T15:20:24Z","timestamp":1647098424000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcde\/article\/9\/2\/463\/6547705"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,12]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jcde\/qwac016","relation":{},"ISSN":["2288-5048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2288-5048","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,12]]}}}