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The first is a level-centred interface that allows the driver to increase or decrease the automation level step-by-step. The second is a function-centred interface that has independent driving controls in the longitudinal and lateral directions. We implemented prototypes for the two interfaces and conducted driver-in-the-loop experiments on a driving simulator to verify their effectiveness in the driver\u2019s mode awareness. For events on the road, the participants took actions to control the vehicle, which might cause mode changes, and answered the modes he\/she believed. The experimental results show that the mode confusion rate of the level-centred interface is twice higher than that of the function-centred interface. Also, visual feedbacks can reduce the mode confusion rate dramatically. The results show that a function-centred user interface combined with adequate visual and\/or auditory feedback is essential to improve driver\u2019s mode awareness when driving an automated vehicle.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jcde\/qwac088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]],"date-time":"2022-08-29T20:00:15Z","timestamp":1661803215000},"page":"1995-2009","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Mode confusion of human\u2013machine interfaces for automated vehicles"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Hwisoo","family":"Eom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Intelligent Automotive Parts Promotion Institute , Test & Evaluation Division, Daegu 43011, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8888-2201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang Hun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Automotive Engineering, Kookmin University , Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2022110109181135100_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.3795\/KSME-A.2015.39.5.473","article-title":"A study on mode confusions in adaptive cruise control systems","volume":"39","author":"Ahn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers, A"},{"issue":"5","key":"2022110109181135100_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1093\/jcde\/qwaa048","article-title":"Wi-ESP\u2014A tool for CSI-based Device-Free Wi-Fi Sensing (DFWS)","volume":"7","author":"Atif","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Computational Design and Engineering"},{"issue":"6","key":"2022110109181135100_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-1098(83)90046-8","article-title":"Ironies of automation","volume":"19","author":"Bainbridge","year":"1983","journal-title":"Automatica"},{"key":"2022110109181135100_bib4","first-page":"4488","article-title":"Anomaly detection in autonomous driving: A survey","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","author":"Bogdoll","year":"2022"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022110109181135100_bib5","first-page":"488","article-title":"Using formal verification to evaluate human-automation interaction: A review","volume":"43","author":"Bolton","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions\u00a0on\u00a0Systems,\u00a0Man, and\u00a0Cybernetics:\u00a0Systems"},{"issue":"6","key":"2022110109181135100_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1093\/jcde\/qwab064","article-title":"Methodology for the integration of a high-speed train in maintenance 4.0","volume":"8","author":"Bustos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Computational Design and Engineering"},{"key":"2022110109181135100_bib7","first-page":"C41","article-title":"A formal methods approach to the analysis of mode confusion","volume-title":"17th DASC. 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