{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T12:55:21Z","timestamp":1782305721643,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]],"date-time":"2024-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708992000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/X525753\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/X525753\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>This paper examines the impact of various parameters, including frames, zigzag number, and enclosure shape, on the solidification process and thermal energy storage rate of a vertical phase change material (PCM) container. The study also assesses the effects of the flow rate of the heat transfer fluid as well as changing the materials of the PCM between RT35 and RT35HC. In addition, the study compares the framed versus unframed systems and, subsequently, the best case was tested with various zigzag pitch numbers before changing the zigzag-shaped structure to arc and reversed-arc. The findings are examined by contrasting the different scenarios\u2019 liquid fractions, temperature distributions, solidification rates, and heat storage rates. The results show that the framed geometry is 66% faster to reach the target temperature compared with the unframed geometry and employing a zigzag enclosure in a PCM can significantly improve the solidification time and heat recovery rate. As the number of pitches in the zigzag enclosure increases, the improvement rate decreases but still improves the solidification time and heat recovery rate. The reversed-arc-shaped structure has the best performance compared with the other undulated surfaces. For the system with RT35HC, the discharge time is 55% higher compared with that of the system with RT35, while the discharge rate is 8.2% higher for the former during the first 3000 s of the discharging process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jcde\/qwae020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]],"date-time":"2024-02-23T14:38:07Z","timestamp":1708699087000},"page":"122-145","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Revolutionizing the latent heat storage: Boosting discharge performance with innovative undulated phase change material containers in a vertical shell-and-tube system"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Hakim S","family":"Sultan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, University of Warith Al-Anbiyaa , Karbalaa 56001 , Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3647-3849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hayder I","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cooling And Air Conditioning Engineering, Imam Ja\u2019afar Al-Sadiq University , Baghdad 10053 , Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nirmalendu","family":"Biswas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Power Engineering, Jadavpur University , Salt Lake, Kolkata 700106 , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hussein","family":"Togun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad , Baghdad 10071 , Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raed Khalid","family":"Ibrahem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Instrumentation Engineering Techniques, Al-Farahidi University , Baghdad 10015 , Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6060-5015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jasim M","family":"Mahdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy Engineering, University of Baghdad , Baghdad 10071 , Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wahiba","family":"Ya\u00efci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CanmetENERGY Research Centre, Natural Resources Canada , 1 Haanel Drive, Ottawa (Ontario) K1A 1M1 , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Keshmiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5947-8701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pouyan","family":"Talebizadehsardari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Power Electronics, Machines and Control (PEMC) Research Group, University of Nottingham , Nottingham NG7 2GT , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024032614572721700_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2023.120854","article-title":"A numerical evaluation of a latent heat thermal energy storage system in the presence of various types of nanoparticles","volume":"230","author":"Abdolahimoghadam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Applied Thermal Engineering"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024032614572721700_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2009.10.015","article-title":"A review of materials, heat transfer and phase change problem formulation for latent heat thermal energy storage systems (LHTESS)","volume":"14","author":"Agyenim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews"},{"key":"2024032614572721700_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2013.09.007","article-title":"Experimental study of melting and solidification of PCM in a triplex tube heat exchanger with fins","volume":"68","author":"Al-Abidi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy and Buildings"},{"key":"2024032614572721700_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2022.106308","article-title":"Solidification of phase change materials in horizontal annuli","volume":"57","author":"Azad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Energy Storage"},{"key":"2024032614572721700_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2017.11.030","article-title":"A review of numerical studies on solar collectors integrated with latent heat storage systems employing fins or nanoparticles","volume":"118","author":"Bazri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renewable Energy"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024032614572721700_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2297","DOI":"10.1093\/jcde\/qwac107","article-title":"Twisted-fin parametric study to enhance the solidification performance of phase-change material in a shell-and-tube latent heat thermal energy storage system","volume":"9","author":"Bo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Computational Design and Engineering"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024032614572721700_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1080\/10407788808913615","article-title":"Enthalpy-porosity technique for modeling convection-diffusion phase change: Application to the melting of a pure metal","volume":"13","author":"Brent","year":"1988","journal-title":"Numerical Heat Transfer"},{"key":"2024032614572721700_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2016.08.068","article-title":"Numerical and experimental investigation on latent thermal energy storage system with spiral coil tube and paraffin\/expanded graphite composite PCM","volume":"126","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy Conversion and Management"},{"key":"2024032614572721700_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icheatmasstransfer.2019.104452","article-title":"Accelerating phase-field modeling of solidification with a parallel adaptive computational domain approach","volume":"111","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer"},{"key":"2024032614572721700_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2010.08.007","article-title":"Thermal conductivity enhancement of phase change materials for thermal energy storage: A review","volume":"15","author":"Fan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Renewable and sustainable energy reviews"},{"key":"2024032614572721700_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3246884","article-title":"Melting and solidification of a pure metal on a vertical wall","volume":"108","author":"Gau","year":"1986","journal-title":"ASME Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer"},{"key":"2024032614572721700_bib11","volume-title":"Data sheet of RT35 by Rubitherm GmbH","author":"GmbH","year":".."},{"key":"2024032614572721700_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2019.114140","article-title":"An experimental and theoretical study of the solidification process of phase change materials in a horizontal annular enclosure","volume":"161","author":"Gortych","year":"2019","journal-title":"Applied Thermal Engineering"},{"key":"2024032614572721700_bib13","volume-title":"The classical Stefan problem: Basic concepts, modelling and analysis with quasi-analytical solutions and methods,\u00a0Vol. 45","author":"Gupta","year":"2017"},{"key":"2024032614572721700_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2022.119032","article-title":"The impact of employing carbon nanotube and Fe3O4 nanoparticles along with intermediate boiling fluid to improve the discharge rate of phase change material","volume":"215","author":"Hosseininaveh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Applied Thermal Engineering"},{"key":"2024032614572721700_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijthermalsci.2013.08.008","article-title":"Experimentally validated two dimensional numerical model for the solidification of PCM along a horizontal long tube","volume":"75","author":"Ismail","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024032614572721700_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1007\/s00231-012-0965-2","article-title":"Solidification of nano-enhanced phase change material (NEPCM) in a wavy cavity","volume":"48","author":"Kashani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Heat and Mass Transfer"},{"key":"2024032614572721700_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nexus.2023.100196","article-title":"A comparative study of melting behavior of phase change material with direct fluid contact and container inclination","volume":"10","author":"Khademi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy Nexus"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024032614572721700_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1093\/jcde\/qwac105","article-title":"CFD analysis of phase-change material-based heat storage with dimple-shaped fins: Evaluation of fin configuration and distribution pattern","volume":"9","author":"Khedher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Computational Design and Engineering"},{"issue":"8","key":"2024032614572721700_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrefrig.2010.06.007","article-title":"Encapsulated phase change material under cyclic pulsed heat load","volume":"33","author":"Kousksou","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Refrigeration"},{"key":"2024032614572721700_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2013.06.007","article-title":"Experimental and numerical study of annular PCM storage in the presence of natural convection","volume":"112","author":"Longeon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Applied Energy"},{"issue":"19","key":"2024032614572721700_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2010.05.026","article-title":"A volume of fluid approach for crystal growth simulation","volume":"229","author":"L\u00f3pez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Computational Physics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024032614572721700_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1108\/HFF-01-2021-0002","article-title":"Natural convection in a horizontal annular sector containing heat-generating porous medium","volume":"32","author":"Machado\u00a0dos\u00a0Santos","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow"},{"key":"2024032614572721700_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2017.02.016","article-title":"Melting enhancement in triplex-tube latent thermal energy storage system using nanoparticles-fins combination","volume":"109","author":"Mahdi","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer"},{"key":"2024032614572721700_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2013.05.003","article-title":"Enhance heat transfer for PCM melting in triplex tube with internal\u2013external fins","volume":"74","author":"Mat","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy Conversion and Management"},{"key":"2024032614572721700_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2019.03.007","article-title":"Thermal performance of shell and tube latent heat storage unit: Comparative assessment of horizontal and vertical orientation","volume":"23","author":"Mehta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Energy Storage"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024032614572721700_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1933(98)00050-5","article-title":"Heat transfer in free convection-dominated melting of a phase change material in a horizontal annulus","volume":"25","author":"Ng","year":"1998","journal-title":"International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer"},{"key":"2024032614572721700_bib28","volume-title":"Phase-field methods in materials science and engineering","author":"Provatas","year":"2011"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024032614572721700_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13922","DOI":"10.1002\/ep.13922","article-title":"Parametric studies on solidification of phase change material inside a cylindrical container toward achieving optimal energy efficiency","volume":"41","author":"Raj","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy"},{"key":"2024032614572721700_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icheatmasstransfer.2023.106922","article-title":"Solidification enhancement of phase change materials using fins and nanoparticles in a triplex-tube thermal energy storage unit: Recent advances and development","volume":"147","author":"Rashid","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer"},{"key":"2024032614572721700_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2023.107501","article-title":"Review of solidification and melting performance of phase change materials in the presence of magnetic field, rotation, tilt angle, and vibration","volume":"67","author":"Rashid","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Energy Storage"},{"key":"2024032614572721700_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2015.05.067","article-title":"Numerical investigation of heat transfer mechanism in a vertical shell and tube latent heat energy storage system","volume":"87","author":"Seddegh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Applied Thermal Engineering"},{"key":"2024032614572721700_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2015.09.107","article-title":"A comparative study of thermal behaviour of a horizontal and vertical shell-and-tube energy storage using phase change materials","volume":"93","author":"Seddegh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Applied Thermal Engineering"},{"key":"2024032614572721700_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2021.121623","article-title":"Analysis of hybrid nanofluid and surface corrugation in the laminar convective flow through an encapsulated PCM filled vertical cylinder and POD-based modeling","volume":"178","author":"Selimefendigil","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer"},{"key":"2024032614572721700_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2021.102945","article-title":"Effects of flow separation and shape factor of nanoparticles in heat transfer fluid for convection thorough phase change material (PCM) installed cylinder for energy technology applications","volume":"41","author":"Selimefendigil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Energy Storage"},{"key":"2024032614572721700_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2021.106958","article-title":"Impacts of using an elastic fin on the phase change process under magnetic field during hybrid nanoliquid convection through a PCM-packed bed system","volume":"216","author":"Selimefendigil","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Mechanical Sciences"},{"key":"2024032614572721700_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2023.170716","article-title":"CFD analysis and optimization of nano-enhanced phase change process in multiple port vented cavity equipped with encapsulated PCM under the combined effects of triple rotating cylinders and inclined magnetic field","volume":"575","author":"Selimefendigil","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials"},{"key":"2024032614572721700_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2022.123764","article-title":"Multijet impingement heat transfer under the combined effects of encapsulated-PCM and inclined magnetic field during nanoliquid convection","volume":"203","author":"Selimefendigil","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer"},{"key":"2024032614572721700_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2019.101063","article-title":"Performance evaluation of melting\/solidification mechanism in a variable wave-length wavy channel double-tube latent heat storage system","volume":"27","author":"Shahsavar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Energy Storage"},{"key":"2024032614572721700_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2021.102388","article-title":"A first principles framework to predict the transient performance of latent heat thermal energy storage","volume":"36","author":"Shete","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Energy Storage"},{"issue":"10","key":"2024032614572721700_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2647","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11102647","article-title":"Investigation of heat transfer enhancement in a triple TUBE latent heat storage system using circular fins with inline and staggered arrangements","volume":"11","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024032614572721700_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1933(99)00082-2","article-title":"An experimental investigation of solidification in a rectangular enclosure under constant heat rate condition","volume":"26","author":"Tan","year":"1999","journal-title":"International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer"},{"key":"2024032614572721700_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2021.102860","article-title":"Experimental analysis of a latent thermal energy storage system enhanced with metal foam","volume":"41","author":"Tarragona","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Energy Storage"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024032614572721700_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1093\/jcde\/qwac033","article-title":"Thermal energy performance due to convection process of nanofluid in a porous medium due to split lid motion in a right triangular enclosure","volume":"9","author":"Ullah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Computational Design and Engineering"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024032614572721700_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/0017-9310(81)90062-4","article-title":"Accurate solutions of moving boundary problems using the enthalpy method","volume":"24","author":"Voller","year":"1981","journal-title":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer"},{"key":"2024032614572721700_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2014.12.050","article-title":"Thermal energy charging behaviour of a heat exchange device with a zigzag plate configuration containing multi-phase-change-materials (m-PCMs)","volume":"142","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Applied Energy"},{"key":"2024032614572721700_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icheatmasstransfer.2019.02.017","article-title":"Phase-change mechanism for evaporation in porous media using volume of fluid: Implicit formulation of interfacial temperature","volume":"103","author":"Wilson","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer"},{"key":"2024032614572721700_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amc.2021.126343","article-title":"Asymptotic analysis of a two-phase Stefan problem in annulus: Application to outward solidification in phase change materials","volume":"408","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Applied Mathematics and Computation"},{"issue":"17","key":"2024032614572721700_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2011.07.035","article-title":"Numerical simulation on phase-change thermal storage\/release in a plate-fin unit","volume":"31","author":"Ye","year":"2011","journal-title":"Applied Thermal Engineering"},{"key":"2024032614572721700_bib51_893_153124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoms.2023.09.003","article-title":"Recent advances in graphene-based phase change composites for thermal energy storage and management","volume-title":"Nano Materials Science","author":"Zhu","year":"2023"}],"container-title":["Journal of Computational Design and Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcde\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jcde\/qwae020\/56762016\/qwae020.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcde\/article-pdf\/11\/2\/122\/57091205\/qwae020.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcde\/article-pdf\/11\/2\/122\/57091205\/qwae020.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]],"date-time":"2024-03-26T18:47:01Z","timestamp":1711478821000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcde\/article\/11\/2\/122\/7614614"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jcde\/qwae020","relation":{},"ISSN":["2288-5048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2288-5048","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]]}}}