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When considering the separable operations of tractors and trailers, the time synchronization constraints significantly increase the challenge of solving the CDP. To address the challenge, this paper first formulates the CDP as a non-linear mixed-integer programming model and then linearizes it into a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model. Subsequently, an improved time-window-partitioning-based (TWPB) matheuristic algorithm is designed. This approach includes an acceleration strategy and a feasible solution enhancement strategy. Numerical experiments validate the effectiveness of the proposed model and algorithm. Compared to existing literature, the proposed TWPB algorithm shows improvements in both computation time and accuracy. Additionally, the proposed MILP approach is more effective than existing MILP approach for solving clustered distribution instances. The proposed model and algorithm provide a new and effective tool for addressing the container drayage routing problem with time synchronization constraints, offering the potential to reduce operational costs and improve the efficiency of container drayage in real-world logistics operations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jcde\/qwae107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,15]],"date-time":"2024-12-15T03:06:03Z","timestamp":1734231963000},"page":"122-148","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["An improved time-window-partition-based algorithm for the container drayage problem in separation mode with tractor-trailer"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6368-816X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology , Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100 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