{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T15:10:00Z","timestamp":1771341000114,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,15]],"date-time":"2025-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739577600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007431","name":"NRF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2024-00352401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00352401"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007431","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007431","name":"NRF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2024-00444961"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00444961"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007431","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003052","name":"MOTIE","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>In an electric vehicle battery pack, thermal stability degradation due to temperature differences is the cause of performance degradation and thermal runaway. Therefore, an effective battery cooling system design is essential to increase the thermal stability of the battery pack. In this study, surrogate model-based optimization is used to minimize the maximum temperature difference of a prismatic lithium-ion battery pack with an indirect cooling system. In the optimization process, the cooling system mass is constrained along with the maximum temperature of the battery and pumping power. Design of experiments is utilized to identify significant design variables, analyse influence of design variables on responses, and generate a surrogate model. The optimization results showed a 14.48% reduction in the maximum temperature difference, from 8.21 to 7.02 K, relative to the initial cooling system design.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jcde\/qwaf020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,15]],"date-time":"2025-02-15T10:52:06Z","timestamp":1739616726000},"page":"51-64","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Enhancing thermal stability in prismatic lithium-ion battery pack in electric vehicle through optimization for an indirect liquid-cooling system"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Cheonha","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Mechanical Engineering, Konkuk University , Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029 ,","place":["Republic of Korea"]}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Mechanical Engineering, Konkuk University , Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029 ,","place":["Republic of Korea"]}]},{"given":"Hamin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Mechanical Engineering, Konkuk University , Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029 ,","place":["Republic of Korea"]}]},{"given":"HyukKyun","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Mechanical Engineering, Konkuk University , Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029 ,","place":["Republic of Korea"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2952-9453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chang-Wan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Konkuk University , Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029 ,","place":["Republic of Korea"]}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025041407272120700_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2018.01.020","article-title":"Improving fuel economy and performance of a fuel-cell hybrid electric vehicle (fuel-cell, battery, and ultra-capacitor) using optimized energy management strategy","volume":"160","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Conversion and Management"},{"key":"2025041407272120700_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.3390\/electrochem2040040","article-title":"Coupled electrochemical-thermal simulations and validation of minichannel cold-plate water-cooled prismatic 20 ah LiFePO4 battery","volume":"2","author":"Akkaldevi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Electrochem"},{"key":"2025041407272120700_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2020.228775","article-title":"Introducing new designs of minichannel cold plates for the cooling of Lithium-ion batteries","volume":"479","author":"Amalesh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Power Sources"},{"key":"2025041407272120700_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2019.02.088","article-title":"A parametric study for optimization of minichannel based battery thermal management system","volume":"154","author":"An","year":"2019","journal-title":"Applied Thermal Engineering"},{"key":"2025041407272120700_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en16093857","article-title":"Identification and mitigation of shortcomings in direct and indirect liquid cooling-based battery Thermal management system","volume-title":"Energies","author":"Anisha","year":"2023"},{"key":"2025041407272120700_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7293","DOI":"10.1002\/er.7637","article-title":"Prediction and optimization of the design decisions of liquid cooling systems of battery modules using artificial neural networks","volume":"46","author":"Bulut","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Energy Research"},{"key":"2025041407272120700_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.04.137","article-title":"Thermal modeling of full-size-scale cylindrical battery pack cooled by channeled liquid flow","volume":"138","author":"Cao","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer"},{"key":"2025041407272120700_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2015.10.015","article-title":"Comparison of different cooling methods for lithium ion battery cells","volume":"94","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Applied Thermal Engineering"},{"key":"2025041407272120700_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3390\/math12182949","article-title":"Optimization of MOSFET copper clip to enhance thermal management using kriging surrogate model and genetic algorithm","volume-title":"Mathematics\u00a0(2227-7390)","author":"Cheon","year":"2024"},{"key":"2025041407272120700_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1093\/jcde\/qwad012","article-title":"Vibration analysis of electric motors considering rotating rotor structure using flexible multibody dynamics-electromagnetic-structural vibration coupled analysis","volume":"10","author":"Cho","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Computational Design and Engineering"},{"key":"2025041407272120700_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2020.101729","article-title":"A review on effect of heat generation and various thermal management systems for lithium ion battery used for electric vehicle","volume":"32","author":"Choudhari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Energy Storage"},{"key":"2025041407272120700_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2021.122178","article-title":"Effect of liquid cooling system structure on lithium-ion battery pack temperature fields","volume":"183","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer"},{"key":"2025041407272120700_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5189","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c07030","article-title":"Circularity of lithium-ion battery materials in electric vehicles","volume":"55","author":"Dunn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environmental Science and Technology"},{"key":"2025041407272120700_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1109\/MPE.2017.2708812","article-title":"Technological Developments in batteries: a survey of principal roles, types, and management needs","volume":"15","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Power and Energy Magazine"},{"key":"2025041407272120700_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2021.115001","article-title":"Performance characteristics of a novel heat pipe-assisted liquid cooling system for the thermal management of lithium-ion batteries","volume":"251","author":"Jang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Conversion and Management"},{"key":"2025041407272120700_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A211","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0611902jes","article-title":"Metamodel-based optimization of a lithium-ion battery cell for maximization of energy density with evolutionary algorithm","volume":"166","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of the Electrochemical Society"},{"key":"2025041407272120700_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15586","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72442-4","article-title":"Optimization for maximum specific energy density of a lithium-ion battery using progressive quadratic response surface method and design of experiments","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"2025041407272120700_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"030536","DOI":"10.1149\/1945-7111\/abebf5","article-title":"Optimization of lithium-ion battery pouch cell for maximization of energy density while preventing internal short circuit caused by separator failure under crush load","volume":"168","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of the Electrochemical Society"},{"key":"2025041407272120700_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2020.116143","article-title":"Design optimization of tab attachment positions and cell aspect ratio to minimize temperature difference in 45-ah LFP large-format lithium-ion pouch cells","volume":"182","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Applied Thermal Engineering"},{"key":"2025041407272120700_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2022.118251","article-title":"Feasibility study of a novel oil-immersed battery cooling system: Experiments and theoretical analysis","volume":"208","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Applied Thermal Engineering"},{"key":"2025041407272120700_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2023.124748","article-title":"Review of thermal coupled battery models and parameter identification for lithium-ion battery heat generation in EV battery thermal management system","volume":"218","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer"},{"key":"2025041407272120700_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2024.3454424","article-title":"An ultrasonic wave-based method for efficient state-of-health estimation of Li-ion batteries","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics"},{"key":"2025041407272120700_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jechem.2024.07.004","article-title":"Adaptive battery thermal management systems in unsteady thermal application contexts","volume":"97","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Energy Chemistry"},{"key":"2025041407272120700_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyai.2024.100416","article-title":"Multi-objective optimization of lithium-ion battery designs considering the dilemma between energy density and rate capability","volume":"18","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy and AI"},{"key":"2025041407272120700_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2023.117200","article-title":"Multi-objective optimization of a sandwich rectangular-channel liquid cooling plate battery thermal management system: a deep-learning approach","volume":"290","author":"Mansour","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy Conversion and Management"},{"key":"2025041407272120700_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1093\/jcde\/qwae113","article-title":"Optimization using kriging metamodel and CMA-ES to improve temperature uniformity of electric vehicle liquid-cooled cylindrical Li-ion battery BTMS","volume":"12","author":"Park","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Computational Design and Engineering"},{"key":"2025041407272120700_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e39220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e39220","article-title":"A statistical analysis of the effect of design factors of the cylindrical battery module on the thermal behavior by C-rate","volume":"10","author":"Park","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"2025041407272120700_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-7753(02)00200-8","article-title":"Battery thermal models for hybrid vehicle simulations","volume":"110","author":"Pesaran","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Power Sources"},{"key":"2025041407272120700_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2015.12.021","article-title":"Investigation of the thermal performance of phase change material\/mini-channel coupled battery thermal management system","volume":"164","author":"Rao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Applied Energy"},{"key":"2025041407272120700_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2011.07.009","article-title":"Simulation and experiment of thermal energy management with phase change material for ageing LiFePO4 power battery","volume":"52","author":"Rao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energy Conversion and Management"},{"key":"2025041407272120700_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2018.04.042","article-title":"Novel thermal management system using mist cooling for lithium-ion battery packs","volume":"223","author":"Saw","year":"2018","journal-title":"Applied Energy"},{"key":"2025041407272120700_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2006.01.038","article-title":"Power and thermal characterization of a lithium-ion battery pack for hybrid-electric vehicles","volume":"160","author":"Smith","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Power Sources"},{"key":"2025041407272120700_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2018.06.059","article-title":"High-energy, fast-charging, long-life lithium-ion batteries using TiNb2O7 anodes for automotive applications","volume":"396","author":"Takami","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Power Sources"},{"key":"2025041407272120700_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2019.113760","article-title":"Optimization design and numerical study on water cooling structure for power lithium battery pack","volume":"159","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Applied Thermal Engineering"},{"key":"2025041407272120700_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1002\/er.5049","article-title":"Novel investigation strategy for mini-channel liquid-cooled battery thermal management system","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Energy Research"},{"key":"2025041407272120700_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2019.114200","article-title":"Optimization of liquid cooling technology for cylindrical power battery module","volume":"162","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Applied Thermal Engineering"},{"key":"2025041407272120700_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2015.01.009","article-title":"Paraffin and paraffin\/aluminum foam composite phase change material heat storage experimental study based on thermal management of Li-ion battery","volume":"78","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Applied Thermal Engineering"},{"key":"2025041407272120700_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensm.2020.12.019","article-title":"On the sustainability of lithium ion battery industry\u2014a review and perspective","volume-title":"Energy Storage Materials","author":"Yang","year":"2021"},{"key":"2025041407272120700_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6100","DOI":"10.3390\/en14196100","article-title":"Reliability-based design optimization for reducing the performance failure and maximizing the specific energy of lithium-ion batteries considering manufacturing uncertainty of porous electrodes","volume":"14","author":"Yoo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"2025041407272120700_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2022.122946","article-title":"Pack-level modeling of a liquid cooling system for power batteries in electric vehicles","volume":"192","author":"Yue","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer"},{"key":"2025041407272120700_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"011005","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4046847","article-title":"An overview of thermal and mechanical design, control, and testing of the world's most powerful and fastest supercomputer","volume":"143","author":"Yuksel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Electronic Packaging"},{"key":"2025041407272120700_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2020.115216","article-title":"Thermal analysis of a 6s4p lithium-ion battery pack cooled by cold plates based on a multi-domain modeling framework","volume":"173","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Applied Thermal Engineering"},{"key":"2025041407272120700_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2017.12.083","article-title":"Thermal behavior study of discharging\/charging cylindrical lithium-ion battery module cooled by channeled liquid flow","volume":"120","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer"}],"container-title":["Journal of Computational Design and Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcde\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jcde\/qwaf020\/61900825\/qwaf020.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcde\/article-pdf\/12\/3\/51\/61900825\/qwaf020.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcde\/article-pdf\/12\/3\/51\/61900825\/qwaf020.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]],"date-time":"2025-04-14T07:27:37Z","timestamp":1744615657000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcde\/article\/12\/3\/51\/8015787"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jcde\/qwaf020","relation":{},"ISSN":["2288-5048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2288-5048","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]]}}}