{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T01:17:56Z","timestamp":1784769476879,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52202426"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52202426"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["15\u2009205\u2009723"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15\u2009205\u2009723"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["15\u2009226\u2009424"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15\u2009226\u2009424"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Acquiring aerodynamic coefficients of a high-speed train considering its shape parameters and environmental yaw angles typically requires resource-intensive model tests or numerical simulations. To address this issue, this paper proposes an innovative surrogate model approach to cost-efficiently predict the aerodynamic coefficients. Six critical shape variables are chosen to construct a parametric train model, concurrently integrating the yaw angle (0\u201390\u00b0) to generate a sample space using optimal Latin hypercube design. Then, four original regression algorithms [polynomial regression, support vector regression (SVR), least square support vector regression (LSSVR), and Kriging] and three improved regression algorithms (IPSO-SVR, IPSO-LSSVR, and IPSO-Kriging), incorporating an improved particle swarm optimization (IPSO) algorithm with SVR, LSSVR, and Kriging, are introduced to construct surrogate models. Finally, the prediction accuracy, prediction uncertainty and generalization potential of each surrogate model are compared in terms of the side force coefficient (Cs), lift force coefficient (Cl) and rolling moment coefficient (Cm). The results show that the IPSO-Kriging model outperforms the other surrogate models by exhibiting higher prediction accuracy and generalization performance, although the IPSO-LSSVR model provides a better assessment of the prediction uncertainty in the Cl. The absolute percentage error of IPSO-Kriging is within 5% for all test samples, which implies that this model can provide an effective and economical alternative for model tests or computational fluid dynamic simulations to acquire aerodynamic coefficients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jcde\/qwaf022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T12:16:19Z","timestamp":1741781779000},"page":"184-203","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Prediction of train aerodynamic coefficients under diverse shape parameters and yaw angles"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Xiaoshuai","family":"Huo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Traffic Safety on Track, Ministry of Education, School of Traffic & Transportation Engineering, Central South University , Changsha 410075 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Key Technology for Rail Traffic Safety, School of Traffic & Transportation Engineering, Central South University , Changsha 410075 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Safety Technology for Rail Vehicle, School of Traffic & Transportation Engineering, Central South University , Changsha 410075 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanghong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Traffic Safety on Track, Ministry of Education, School of Traffic & Transportation Engineering, Central South University , Changsha 410075 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Key Technology for Rail Traffic Safety, School of Traffic & Transportation Engineering, Central South University , Changsha 410075 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Safety Technology for Rail Vehicle, School of Traffic & Transportation Engineering, Central South University , Changsha 410075 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Traffic Safety on Track, Ministry of Education, School of Traffic & Transportation Engineering, Central South University , Changsha 410075 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Key Technology for Rail Traffic Safety, School of Traffic & Transportation Engineering, Central South University , Changsha 410075 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Safety Technology for Rail Vehicle, School of Traffic & Transportation Engineering, Central South University , Changsha 410075 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengwei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinran","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Traffic Safety on Track, Ministry of Education, School of Traffic & Transportation Engineering, Central South University , Changsha 410075 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Key Technology for Rail Traffic Safety, School of Traffic & Transportation Engineering, Central South University , Changsha 410075 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Safety Technology for Rail Vehicle, School of Traffic & Transportation Engineering, Central South University , Changsha 410075 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jweia.2013.09.015","article-title":"A framework for the consideration of the effects of crosswinds on trains","volume":"123","author":"Baker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s11047-007-9049-5","article-title":"A review of particle swarm optimization. Part I: Background and development","volume":"6","author":"Banks","year":"2007","journal-title":"Natural Computing"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-2080112\/v1","article-title":"Prediction of coal mine gas emission based on hybrid machine learning model","volume":"16","author":"Bi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Earth Science Informatics"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jweia.2021.104838","article-title":"Wind tunnel tests on railway vehicles in the presence of windbreaks: Influence of flow and geometric parameters on aerodynamic coefficients","volume":"220","author":"Brambilla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-20122-1_6","article-title":"High-speed train crosswind analysis: CFD study and validation with wind-tunnel tests","volume-title":"The Aerodynamics of Heavy Vehicles III: Trucks, Buses and Trains","author":"Catanzaro","year":"2016"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"075115","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0094565","article-title":"Control of afterbody vortices from a slanted-base cylinder using sweeping jets","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Physics of Fluids"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105153","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0167467","article-title":"On the unsteady interactions between a sweeping jet and afterbody vortices","volume":"35","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Physics of Fluids"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfluidstructs.2017.12.016","article-title":"Comparative analysis of the effect of different nose lengths on train aerodynamic performance under crosswind","volume":"78","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Fluids and Structures"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jweia.2019.05.005","article-title":"Numerical simulation and comparison of the slipstreams of trains with different nose lengths under crosswind","volume":"190","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1080\/19942060.2022.2064921","article-title":"Mitigating crosswind effect on high-speed trains by active blowing method: A comparative study","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6105(92)90005-u","article-title":"An experimental study of the flow over a train in a crosswind at large yaw angles up to 90","volume":"45","author":"Chiu","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6105(87)90034-1","article-title":"The three-dimensional flow around railway trains","volume":"26","author":"Copley","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2021.110152","article-title":"Full-scale tests of unsteady aerodynamic loads and pressure distribution on fast trains in crosswinds","volume":"186","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jweia.2019.104053","article-title":"Aerodynamic influences of bogie's geometric complexity on high-speed trains under crosswind","volume":"196","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"095130","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0224211","article-title":"On the active flow control in maglev train safety under crosswinds: Analysis of leeward suction and blowing action","volume":"36","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Physics of Fluids"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advengsoft.2022.103242","article-title":"Improved particle swarm optimization algorithms for aerodynamic shape optimization of high-speed train","volume":"173","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Advances in Engineering Software"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s11081-020-09554-3","article-title":"Aerodynamic optimisation of a high-speed train head shape using an advanced hybrid surrogate-based nonlinear model representation method","volume-title":"Optimization and Engineering","author":"He","year":"2022"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jweia.2021.104732","article-title":"Influence of the railway vehicle properties in the running safety against crosswinds","volume":"217","author":"Heleno","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jweia.2009.08.012","article-title":"LES study of the influence of the nose shape and yaw angles on flow structures around trains","volume":"98","author":"Hemida","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jweia.2020.104099","article-title":"Predicting wind pressures around circular cylinders using machine learning techniques","volume":"198","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1177\/0954409720915039","article-title":"Impact of the trailing edge shape of a downstream dummy vehicle on train aerodynamics subjected to crosswind","volume":"235","author":"Huo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.12989\/was.2023.37.4.303","article-title":"Comparison of RANS, URANS, SAS and IDDES for the prediction of train crosswind characteristics","volume":"37","author":"Huo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Wind and Structures, An International Journal"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aej.2022.09.011","article-title":"Aerodynamic characteristics of double-connected train groups composed of different kinds of high-speed trains under crosswinds: A comparison study","volume":"64","author":"Huo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alexandria Engineering Journal"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspi.2004.02.014","article-title":"An efficient algorithm for constructing optimal design of computer experiments","volume-title":"Journal of statistical planning and inference","author":"Jin","year":"2005"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.strusafe.2004.09.001","article-title":"Application of kriging method to structural reliability problems","volume":"27","author":"Kaymaz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Structural Safety"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1093\/jcde\/qwaa005","article-title":"Robust design optimization using surrogate models","volume":"7","author":"Keane","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Computational Design and Engineering"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib27","first-page":"(pp.\u00a0760","volume-title":"Particle Swarm Optimization. Encyclopedia of Machine Learning","author":"Kennedy","year":"2010"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1093\/jcde\/qwad071","article-title":"Adaptive neural network ensemble using prediction frequency","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Computational Design and Engineering"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s10033-019-0402-2","article-title":"Effect of RANS turbulence model on aerodynamic behavior of trains in crosswind","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering - English Edition"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jweia.2022.105137","article-title":"Correlation tests on train aerodynamics between multiple wind tunnels","volume":"229","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jweia.2021.104830","article-title":"Effects of embankment layouts on train aerodynamics in a wind tunnel configuration","volume":"220","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jweia.2021.104880","article-title":"Study on the pressure pipe length in train aerodynamic tests and its applications in crosswinds","volume":"220","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2020.114366","article-title":"Comparison of conditioned Latin hypercube and feature space coverage sampling for predicting soil classes using simulation from soil maps","volume":"370","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2010.11.013","article-title":"Empirical estimates of uncertainty for mapping continuous depth functions of soil attributes","volume":"160","author":"Malone","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.112751","article-title":"The influence of inclined barriers on airflow over a high speed train under crosswind condition","volume-title":"Book: New Research on Railway Engineering and Transportation","author":"Mohebbi","year":"2023"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1007\/s40997-023-00702-5","article-title":"The analysis of utilizing multiple fences in high-speed tracks on the aerodynamic characteristics of a high-speed train model","volume":"48","author":"Mohebbi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Mechanical Engineering"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.29252\/jafm.11.03.27862","article-title":"The impact of air fences geometry on air flow around an ICE3 high speed train on a double line railway track with exposure to crosswinds","volume":"11","author":"Mohebbi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Fluid Mechanics"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1080\/23248378.2018.1463873","article-title":"Multi objective optimization of aerodynamic design of high speed railway windbreaks using Lattice Boltzmann Method and wind tunnel test results","volume":"6","author":"Mohebbi","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Rail Transportation"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1177\/0954409717699502","article-title":"Two-dimensional analysis of the influence of windbreaks on airflow over a high-speed train under crosswind using lattice Boltzmann method","volume":"232","author":"Mohebbi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jweia.2018.11.011","article-title":"Analysis of the effects of lateral wind on a high speed train on a double routed railway track with porous shelters","volume":"184","author":"Mohebbi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.12989\/was.2021.32.6.539","article-title":"2D and 3D numerical and experimental analyses of the aerodynamic effects of air fences on a high-speed train","volume":"32","author":"Mohebbi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wind and Structures"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1177\/0954409721995323","article-title":"The optimum model determination of porous barriers in high-speed tracks","volume":"236","author":"Mohebbi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jweia.2022.104974","article-title":"Impact of the train-track-bridge system characteristics in the runnability of high-speed trains against crosswinds-part I: Running safety","volume":"224","author":"Montenegro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"041108","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4029261","article-title":"Comparison of RANS and detached eddy simulation results to wind-tunnel data for the surface pressures upon a class 43 high-speed train","volume":"137","author":"Morden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Fluids Engineering"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jag.2012.07.004","article-title":"Representing major soil variability at regional scale by constrained Latin Hypercube sampling of remote sensing data","volume":"21","author":"Mulder","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jweia.2018.11.014","article-title":"Aerodynamic surrogate-based optimization of the nose shape of a high-speed train for crosswind and passing-by scenarios","volume":"184","author":"Mu\u00f1oz-Paniagua","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.2298\/TSCI190419398M","article-title":"Support vector machine for modelling and simulation of heat exchangers","volume":"24","author":"Muthukrishnan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thermal Science"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2002.807051","article-title":"A hybrid particle swarm optimization for distribution state estimation","volume":"18","author":"Naka","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Power Systems"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jweia.2022.104912","article-title":"Aerodynamic simulation of effects of one-and two-side windbreak walls on a moving train running on a double track railway line subjected to strong crosswind","volume":"221","author":"Niu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14965","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-020-04848-1","article-title":"Hybrid machine learning for predicting strength of sustainable concrete","volume":"24","author":"Pham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soft Computing"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jweia.2016.07.006","article-title":"Comparison between steady and moving railway vehicles subjected to crosswind by CFD analysis","volume":"156","author":"Premoli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-39940-9_565","volume-title":"Cross-validation. Encyclopedia of Database Systems","author":"Refaeilzadeh","year":"2009"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jweia.2009.12.004","article-title":"Wind tunnel investigation of an ICE 3 endcar on three standard ground scenarios","volume":"98","author":"Schober","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018628609742","article-title":"Least squares support vector machine classifiers","volume":"9","author":"Suykens","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neural Processing Letters"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/tse\/tdz014","article-title":"Review of research on high-speed railway aerodynamics in China","volume":"1","author":"Tian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transportation Safety and Environment"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1109\/72.788640","article-title":"An overview of statistical learning theory","volume":"10","author":"Vapnik","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2018.03.010","article-title":"Accounting for non-stationary variance in geostatistical mapping of soil properties","volume":"324","author":"Wadoux","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2233614","DOI":"10.1080\/19942060.2023.2233614","article-title":"Impact of the train heights on the aerodynamic behaviour of a high-speed train","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635234","DOI":"10.3389\/fenrg.2021.635234","article-title":"Multienergy load forecasting for regional Integrated Energy systems considering Multienergy coupling of variation characteristic curves","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Energy Research"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.istruc.2022.06.060","article-title":"Stiffness identification of deteriorated PC bridges by a FEMU method based on the LM-assisted PSO-Kriging model","volume":"43","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Structures"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1093\/jcde\/qwad003","article-title":"Study on the relationship between machining errors and transmission accuracy of planetary roller screw mechanism using analytical calculations and machine-learning model","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Computational Design and Engineering"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jweia.2022.105203","article-title":"Aerodynamic influences of typical windbreak wall types on a high-speed train under crosswinds","volume":"231","author":"Xia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0170803","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170803","article-title":"Multi-objective aerodynamic optimization of the streamlined shape of high-speed trains based on the Kriging model","volume":"12","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1007\/s11081-015-9298-6","article-title":"Parametric design and optimization of high speed train nose","volume":"17","author":"Yao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Optimization and Engineering"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2017.08.008","article-title":"Ability of URANS approach in prediction of unsteady turbulent flows in an unbaffled stirred tank","volume":"133","author":"Zamiri","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Mechanical Sciences"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2963","DOI":"10.1108\/HFF-11-2023-0709","article-title":"Investigating embedded data distribution strategy on reconstruction accuracy of flow field around the crosswind-affected train based on physics-informed neural networks","volume":"34","author":"Zeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1080\/23248378.2020.1817803","article-title":"Research on aerodynamic shape optimization of trains with different dimensional design variables","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Rail Transportation"},{"key":"2025031815081635200_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1177\/0954409717701784","article-title":"A multiobjective aerodynamic optimization design of a high-speed train head under crosswinds","volume":"232","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit"}],"container-title":["Journal of Computational Design and Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcde\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jcde\/qwaf022\/62411432\/qwaf022.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcde\/article-pdf\/12\/3\/184\/62411432\/qwaf022.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcde\/article-pdf\/12\/3\/184\/62411432\/qwaf022.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T15:09:04Z","timestamp":1742310544000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcde\/article\/12\/3\/184\/8077864"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jcde\/qwaf022","relation":{},"ISSN":["2288-5048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2288-5048","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}}}