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To improve segmentation performance, this paper introduces an enhanced catch fish optimization algorithm with a dispersing-aggregating effect (CFOA-DAE). The proposed algorithm incorporates a dispersing-aggregating mechanism inspired by fishermen\u2019s cooperative behaviour to enhance global search capability and employs a hybrid strategy combining Gaussian and Linnik distributions to promote exploration of undersampled regions. Furthermore, an adaptive balance control factor dynamically modulates the exploration-exploitation trade-off, optimizing search efficiency. The algorithm was evaluated on the CEC\u202f2022 benchmark suite against 11 classical and 7 state-of-the-art heuristic algorithms, including the original CFOA, demonstrating competitive convergence and accuracy. In multi-threshold segmentation tests on eight public medical image datasets, CFOA-DAE consistently outperformed existing approaches, achieving higher average peak signal-to-noise ratio and structural similarity index, along with improved fitness and lower mean squared error in 75% of cases. Additionally, based on stochastic convergence theory and Markov chain analysis, we provide a theoretical guarantee of the algorithm\u2019s global convergence. Both theoretical and experimental results confirm the effectiveness and robustness of CFOA-DAE for multi-threshold medical image segmentation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jcde\/qwaf147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T12:23:05Z","timestamp":1767615785000},"page":"45-87","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dispersing-aggregating effect for catch fish optimization: Algorithm design, convergence analysis, and application to medical image segmentation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0674-3126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiwen","family":"Qu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence for Genetic Diseases of Long-dwelling Nationalities, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities , Baise 533000 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