{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T21:03:08Z","timestamp":1775077388230,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014188","name":"MSIT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014188","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Spatial augmented reality (SAR) enables shared, projection-based building information modelling (BIM) visualization on physical mock-ups, but its use in architectural workflows is limited by complex projector\u2013camera calibration procedures. This study presents a semi-automated SAR\u2013BIM projection system that reorganizes established computer-vision and projective-geometry techniques into a lightweight computational calibration framework tailored to early-stage design review. The method requires a single reference-surface alignment, followed by automatic surface-specific homography calculation by applying marker detection, avoiding full PROCAM calibration. The system was evaluated using single-volume and multi-volume architectural mock-ups under different projector\u2013camera configurations. Results show projection alignment errors within 3.78\u20138.53 pixels, corresponding to approximately 1.13\u20132.56 mm on physical model surfaces, which is sufficient for tasks such as massing evaluation and fa\u00e7ade articulation. The calibration process typically completes within 0.3\u20131.0 s, enabling rapid recalibration during iterative design exploration. A qualitative comparison with conventional PROCAM approaches and commercial projection-mapping tools highlights reduced setup time and lower user effort. The results demonstrate the system\u2019s usability and accuracy, highlighting its potential as a user-friendly solution for collaborative exterior design reviews and identifying avenues for future development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jcde\/qwag009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T12:27:06Z","timestamp":1770035226000},"page":"97-110","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spatial augmented reality (SAR)-based 3D BIM visualization through semi-automated geometric calibration of a projector\u2013camera system"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7068-3810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yixuan","family":"Jin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Building and Real Estate, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hung Hom, Kowloon ,","place":["Hong Kong"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5377-7142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joonoh","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Building and Real Estate, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hung Hom, Kowloon ,","place":["Hong Kong"]},{"name":"Department of Architectural Engineering, Hanyang University , 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763 ,","place":["Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"SangUk","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University , 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763 ,","place":["Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026040114334012000_bib1","first-page":"278","article-title":"Feature extraction for java character recognition","volume-title":"International Conference on Soft Computing, Intelligence Systems, and Information Technology","author":"Adipranata","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026040114334012000_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2020.103254","article-title":"From BIM to extended reality in AEC industry","volume":"116","author":"Alizadehsalehi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Automation in construction"},{"key":"2026040114334012000_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1007\/s11831-024-10211-6","article-title":"Integration of augmented reality with building information modeling: Design optimization and construction rework reduction perspective","volume":"32","author":"Bhatarai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering"},{"key":"2026040114334012000_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b10624","volume-title":"Spatial augmented reality: merging real and virtual worlds","author":"Bimber","year":"2005"},{"key":"2026040114334012000_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2021.106634","article-title":"Multi-sensor spatial augmented reality for visualizing the invisible thermal information of 3D objects","volume":"145","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Optics and Lasers in Engineering"},{"key":"2026040114334012000_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1109\/iccv.1995.466871","article-title":"Geodesic active contours","volume":"22","author":"Caselles","year":"1997","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Vision"},{"key":"2026040114334012000_bib9","volume-title":"Digital image processing","author":"Castleman","year":"1996"},{"key":"2026040114334012000_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2018.00093","article-title":"Mosart: Mobile spatial augmented reality for 3d interaction with tangible objects","volume":"5","author":"Cortes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI"},{"key":"2026040114334012000_bib13","author":"Derivative","year":"2024,  14"},{"key":"2026040114334012000_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1515\/pdtc-2023-0006","article-title":"Video mapping technologies as spatial augmented reality in the artistic process","volume":"52","author":"Derkach","year":"2023","journal-title":"Preservation, Digital Technology & Culture"},{"key":"2026040114334012000_bib16","author":"Dunlap","year":"2006","journal-title":"Queue-linear flood fill: a fast flood fill algorithm [online]"},{"key":"2026040114334012000_bib20","volume-title":"Computer graphics: principles and practice","author":"Foley","year":"1996"},{"key":"2026040114334012000_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1002\/jsid.572","article-title":"Animating static objects by illusion-based projection mapping","volume":"25","author":"Fukiage","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of the Society for Information Display"},{"key":"2026040114334012000_bib22","author":"GarageCube","year":"2024,  27"},{"key":"2026040114334012000_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5086","DOI":"10.1109\/tip.2015.2478388","article-title":"Robust, error-tolerant photometric projector compensation","volume":"24","author":"Grundhofer","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing"},{"key":"2026040114334012000_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.3850\/978-981-07-1403-1_559","article-title":"Cell identification by blob detection","volume":"2","author":"Gupta","year":"2012","journal-title":"UACEE International Journal of Advances in Electonics Engineering"},{"key":"2026040114334012000_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511811685","volume-title":"Multiple View Geometry in Computer Vision","author":"Hartley","year":"2004","edition":"2nd ed."},{"key":"2026040114334012000_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.2183\/pjab.100.012","article-title":"Projection mapping technologies: A review of current trends and future directions","volume":"100","author":"Iwai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B"},{"key":"2026040114334012000_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5915","DOI":"10.3390\/app10175915","article-title":"BIM-based spatial augmented reality (SAR) for architectural design collaboration: A proof of concept","volume":"10","author":"Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Applied Sciences"},{"key":"2026040114334012000_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2015.03.018","article-title":"Real-time visualization of building information models (BIM)","volume":"54","author":"Johansson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Automation in Construction"},{"key":"2026040114334012000_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00133570","article-title":"Snakes: Active contour models","volume":"1","author":"Kass","year":"1988","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Vision"},{"key":"2026040114334012000_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/bf00379537","article-title":"Conformal curvature flows: From phase transitions to active vision","volume":"134","author":"Kichenassamy","year":"1996","journal-title":"Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis"},{"key":"2026040114334012000_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1109\/ismar.2010.5643530","article-title":"Perceptual issues in augmented reality revisited","volume-title":"2010 IEEE international symposium on mixed and augmented reality","author":"Kruijff","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026040114334012000_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2886","DOI":"10.1109\/tvcg.2018.2868530","article-title":"Auto-calibration for dynamic multi-projection mapping on arbitrary surfaces","volume":"24","author":"Kurth","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics"},{"key":"2026040114334012000_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.5220\/0010327708170827","article-title":"Procam calibration from a single pose of a planar target","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 16th International Joint Conference on Computer Vision, Imaging and Computer Graphics Theory and Applications","author":"Lawal","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026040114334012000_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5363","DOI":"10.3390\/app10155363","article-title":"End-users\u2019 augmented reality utilization for architectural design review","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Applied Sciences"},{"key":"2026040114334012000_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1093\/jcde\/qwae065","article-title":"Generative early architectural visualizations: Incorporating architect\u2019s style-trained models","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Computational Design and Engineering"},{"key":"2026040114334012000_bib42","author":"Lightform, Inc","year":"2023,  6"},{"key":"2026040114334012000_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1109\/vr.2002.996507","article-title":"Estimating and adapting to registration errors in augmented reality systems","volume-title":"Proceedings IEEE Virtual Reality 2002","author":"MacIntyre","year":"2002"},{"key":"2026040114334012000_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1117\/12.929250","article-title":"Looking at light through a pinhole","volume":"8481","author":"Magnani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Optics Education and Outreach II"},{"key":"2026040114334012000_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1109\/jphotov.2020.3019949","article-title":"Method for estimation and correction of perspective distortion of electroluminescence images of photovoltaic panels","volume":"10","author":"Mantel","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics"},{"key":"2026040114334012000_bib46","article-title":"Virtual and augmented reality in architectural design and education","volume-title":"17th international conference, CAAD futures 2017","author":"Milovanovic","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026040114334012000_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1109\/3dimpvt.2012.77","article-title":"Simple, accurate, and robust projector-camera calibration","volume-title":"2012 Second International Conference on 3D Imaging, Modeling, Processing, Visualization & Transmission","author":"Moreno","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026040114334012000_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2014.08.027","article-title":"A survey of Hough Transform","volume":"48","author":"Mukhopadhyay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"},{"key":"2026040114334012000_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcde.2014.11.004","article-title":"Spatial augmented reality for product appearance design evaluation","volume":"2","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Computational Design and Engineering"},{"key":"2026040114334012000_bib52","first-page":"326","article-title":"Augmenting reality: On the shared history of perceptual illusion and video projection mapping","author":"Pastor","year":"2025","journal-title":"DOSSIER: ARTS EN VIU I TECNOLOGIES INCERTES"},{"key":"2026040114334012000_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1093\/jcde\/qwaf030","article-title":"Advancing BIM and game engine integration in the AEC industry: Innovations, challenges, and future directions","volume":"12","author":"Rehman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Computational Design and Engineering"},{"key":"2026040114334012000_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1109\/tvcg.2015.2459898","article-title":"On-site semi-automatic calibration and registration of a projector-camera system using arbitrary objects with known geometry","volume":"21","author":"Resch","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics"},{"key":"2026040114334012000_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315652474","volume-title":"Delivering value with BIM","author":"Sanchez","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026040114334012000_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.displa.2007.09.005","article-title":"Virtual reality induced symptoms and effects (VRISE): Comparison of head mounted display (HMD), desktop and projection display systems","volume":"29","author":"Sharples","year":"2008","journal-title":"Displays"},{"key":"2026040114334012000_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300767","article-title":"What is mixed reality?","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Speicher","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026040114334012000_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1080\/00038628.2017.1383228","article-title":"Adoption of BIM in architectural design firms","volume":"60","author":"Tulubas\u00a0Gokuc","year":"2017","journal-title":"Architectural Science Review"},{"key":"2026040114334012000_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1109\/percomw.2011.5766893","article-title":"Using spatial augmented reality for appliance design","volume-title":"2011 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops (PERCOM Workshops)","author":"Von\u00a0Itzstein","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026040114334012000_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3618949","volume-title":"Mathographics","author":"Woodgate","year":"1991"},{"key":"2026040114334012000_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1089.2021.18445","article-title":"A survey on human-computer interaction in spatial augmented reality","volume":"33","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Computer-Aided Design & Computer Graphics"},{"key":"2026040114334012000_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1109\/icos.2013.6735075","article-title":"A review of display projection system: Its problems and challenges","volume-title":"2013 IEEE Conference on Open Systems (ICOS)","author":"Yusoff","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026040114334012000_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1109\/iasp.2009.5054663","article-title":"Image processing using spatial transform","volume-title":"2009 International Conference on Image Analysis and Signal Processing","author":"Zhang","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026040114334012000_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1109\/34.888718","article-title":"A flexible new technique for camera calibration","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"}],"container-title":["Journal of Computational Design and Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcde\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jcde\/qwag009\/66727331\/qwag009.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcde\/article-pdf\/13\/3\/97\/66727331\/qwag009.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcde\/article-pdf\/13\/3\/97\/66727331\/qwag009.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T18:33:49Z","timestamp":1775068429000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcde\/article\/13\/3\/97\/8456375"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jcde\/qwag009","relation":{},"ISSN":["2288-5048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2288-5048","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]}}}