{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]],"date-time":"2026-04-12T17:42:54Z","timestamp":1776015774365,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014188","name":"MSIT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2024-00340293"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00340293"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014188","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003693","name":"Korea Institute of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["26E0172"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26E0172"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003693","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP)-based brain\u2013computer interfaces (BCIs) have been widely studied because they provide high classification accuracy and information transfer rate (ITR) without requiring user training. To further enhance BCI performance, this study proposes a novel hybrid BCI that integrates single-channel SSVEP with the pupillary light reflex (PLR). Twelve healthy subjects participated in experiments involving three paradigms: SSVEP, PLR, and hybrid. Each subject completed a total of 90 trials (three blocks) for each of the four classes in every paradigm. The experimental protocols were identical across paradigms, except for differences in visual stimuli. The hybrid paradigm achieved an accuracy (ITR) of 95.70% (25.54 bpm) for four-class classification using a data length of 4 s across all subjects, representing increases of 8.54% (6.34 bpm) and 12.92% (8.91 bpm) compared with the SSVEP and PLR paradigms, respectively. In the poor performer group (SSVEP accuracy below 90%), the hybrid paradigm achieved an average accuracy (ITR) of 93.06% (23.03 bpm), showing an improvement of 11.67% (7.54 bpm) compared with the SSVEP paradigm (81.39% and 15.49 bpm). As the number of electroencephalogram channels increased from one to ten electrodes, the classification accuracy of the SSVEP paradigm improved from 87.15% to 91.28% (an increase of 4.13%). In contrast, the hybrid paradigm exhibited minimal change, with only a 0.55% increase (from 95.70% to 96.25%). These results suggest that the proposed hybrid BCI can serve as an effective approach to enhance overall BCI performance, which may contribute to the practical and widespread adoption of BCIs by improving usability and user experience.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jcde\/qwag030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T12:24:29Z","timestamp":1774268669000},"page":"179-203","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A novel hybrid BCI system combining single-channel SSVEP and PLR to improve classification accuracy and ITR"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Sangin","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Next-Generation Mechanical Design Laboratory, Korea University , Seoul 04763 ,","place":["South Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaeeun","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bionics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Seoul 02792 ,","place":["South Korea"]},{"name":"Hanyang University Department of HY-KIST Bio-Convergence, , Seoul 04763 ,","place":["South Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jihyeon","family":"Ha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eulji University Department of Biomedical Engineering, , Gyeonggi-do 13135 ,","place":["South Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5769-1039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laehyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bionics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Seoul 02792 ,","place":["South Korea"]},{"name":"Hanyang University Department of HY-KIST Bio-Convergence, , Seoul 04763 ,","place":["South Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-84996-272-8_3","article-title":"Could anyone use a BCI?","volume-title":"Brain-computer Interfaces: Applying Our Minds to human\u2013computer Interaction","author":"Allison","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2009.2039495","article-title":"BCI demographics: How many (and what kinds of) people can use an SSVEP BCI?","volume":"18","author":"Allison","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1093\/jcde\/qwaf141","article-title":"Research on a multidimensional quantitative assessment method for the walking ability of elderly people based on machine learning and multi-strategy balanced optimizers","volume":"13","author":"An","year":"2026","journal-title":"Journal of Computational Design and Engineering"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133933","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1133933","article-title":"A hybrid P300-SSVEP brain-computer interface speller with a frequency enhanced row and column paradigm","volume":"17","author":"Bai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroscience"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"035023","DOI":"10.1088\/2057-1976\/ab0cee","article-title":"Effects of high stimulus presentation rate on EEG template characteristics and performance of c-VEP based BCIs","volume":"5","author":"Ba\u015faklar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomedical Physics & Engineering Express"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1109\/THMS.2020.2983661","article-title":"Performance of a steady-state visual evoked potential and eye gaze hybrid brain-computer interface on participants with and without a brain injury","volume":"50","author":"Brennan","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2019.101687","article-title":"A hybrid BCI-controlled smart home system combining SSVEP and EMG for individuals with paralysis","volume":"56","author":"Chai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomedical Signal Processing and Control"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528071","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/528071","article-title":"Enhanced template matching using dynamic positional warping for identification of specific patterns in electroencephalogram","volume":"2014","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Mathematics"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2023.3243786","article-title":"Optimizing stimulus frequency ranges for building a high-rate high frequency SSVEP-BCI","volume":"31","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"036007","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab914e","article-title":"A novel training-free recognition method for SSVEP-based BCIs using dynamic window strategy","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Neural Engineering"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1093\/jcde\/qwae042","article-title":"Integration of eye-tracking and object detection in a deep learning system for quality inspection analysis","volume":"11","author":"Cho","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Computational Design and Engineering"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0176674","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0176674","article-title":"A systematic review of hybrid brain-computer interfaces: Taxonomy and usability perspectives","volume":"12","author":"Choi","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5688","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2023.3321722","article-title":"A high-rate hybrid BCI system based on high-frequency SSVEP and sEMG","volume":"27","author":"Cui","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.42.000492","article-title":"Pupil size as determined by adapting luminance","volume":"42","author":"De\u00a0Groot","year":"1952","journal-title":"Journal of the Optical Society of America"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"061001","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab2706","article-title":"Single-paradigm and hybrid brain computing interfaces and their use by disabled patients","volume":"16","author":"De\u00a0Neeling","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Neural Engineering"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.65.11.754","article-title":"The pupillary light reflex in normal subjects","volume":"65","author":"Ellis","year":"1981","journal-title":"British Journal of Ophthalmology"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S669","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.934749","article-title":"Eye pupil\u2013a window into central autonomic regulation via emotional\/cognitive processing","volume":"70","author":"Ferencov\u00e1","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiological Research"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40004","DOI":"10.1209\/0295-5075\/127\/40004","article-title":"Multivariate weighted recurrent network for analyzing SSMVEP signals from EEG literate and illiterate","volume":"127","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Europhysics Letters"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3447","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSII.2020.2983389","article-title":"A deep learning method for improving the classification accuracy of SSMVEP-based BCI","volume":"67","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3605","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12123605","article-title":"Validation and reliability of the Alzheimer\u2019s disease-commonwealth scientific and industrial research organisation food frequency questionnaire","volume":"12","author":"Gardener","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1007\/s13246-022-01189-1","article-title":"The single-channel dry electrode SSVEP-based biometric approach: Data augmentation techniques against overfitting for RNN-based deep models","volume":"45","author":"Gorur","year":"2022","journal-title":"Physical and Engineering Sciences in Medicine"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4578","DOI":"10.3390\/s21134578","article-title":"A hybrid brain\u2013computer interface for real-life meal-assist robot control","volume":"21","author":"Ha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics8010019","article-title":"Eyeing up the future of the pupillary light reflex in neurodiagnostics","volume":"8","author":"Hall","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib24","first-page":"229","article-title":"A novel multimodal humanoid robot control system framework design based on SSVEP-BCI and eye-tracking","volume-title":"The 7th International Conference on Biological Information and Biomedical Engineering","author":"Han","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834959","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.834959","article-title":"A hybrid brain-computer interface based on visual evoked potential and pupillary response","volume":"16","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/09540091.2016.1271401","article-title":"A computational model of pupil dilation","volume":"30","author":"Johansson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Connection Science"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7028517","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7028517","article-title":"EEG feature extraction and data augmentation in emotion recognition","volume":"2022","author":"Kalashami","year":"2022","journal-title":"Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.3390\/s25061802","article-title":"Dual-mode visual system for brain\u2013Computer interfaces: Integrating SSVEP and P300 responses","volume":"25","author":"Kasawala","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1145\/2638728.2641695","article-title":"Pupil: An open source platform for pervasive eye tracking and mobile gaze-based interaction","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2014 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing: Adjunct Publication","author":"Kassner","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2050003","DOI":"10.4015\/S1016237220500039","article-title":"SSVEP-P300 hybrid paradigm optimization for enhanced information transfer rate","volume":"32","author":"Katyal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s44174-025-00606-9","article-title":"Comparative benefits of emotional-facial stimulation for hybrid P300+ SSVEP brain computer interfaces","author":"Khune","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomedical Materials & Devices"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1194751","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2023.1194751","article-title":"Bridging the BCI illiteracy gap: A subject-to-subject semantic style transfer for EEG-based motor imagery classification","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750839","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2021.750839","article-title":"Influence of the number of channels and classification algorithm on the performance robustness to electrode shift in steady-state visual evoked potential-based brain-computer interfaces","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroinformatics"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee M. H., Kwon O. Y., Kim Y. J., Kim H. K., Lee Y. E., Williamson J., Fazli S., Lee S. W. (2019). EEG dataset and OpenBMI toolbox for three BCI paradigms: An investigation into BCI illiteracy. GigaScience, 8, giz002. 10.1093\/gigascience\/giz002.","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/giz002"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.4097\/kja.d.18.00242","article-title":"What is the proper way to apply the multiple comparison test?","volume":"71","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Korean Journal of Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11040450","article-title":"Brain\u2013computer interface speller based on steady-state visual evoked potential: A review focusing on the stimulus paradigm and performance","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Sciences"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4760","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2023.3337525","article-title":"A novel hybrid brain\u2013computer interface combining the illusion-induced VEP and SSVEP","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2023.119736","article-title":"A hybrid steady-state visual evoked response-based brain-computer interface with MEG and EEG","volume":"223","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matt.2024.05.023","article-title":"Advancing EEG-based brain-computer interface technology via PEDOT: PSS electrodes","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Matter"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3222","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2024.3451015","article-title":"Enhancement of hybrid BCI system performance based on motor imagery and SSVEP by transcranial alternating current stimulation","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40535-014-0004-0","article-title":"A hybrid BCI speller based on the combination of EMG envelopes and SSVEP","volume":"12","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Applied Informatics"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1309047","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1309047","article-title":"A review on personal calibration issues for video-oculographic-based gaze tracking","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2258938","DOI":"10.1080\/27706710.2023.2258938","article-title":"A hybrid brain-computer interface using motor imagery and SSVEP based on convolutional neural network","volume":"2","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain-Apparatus Communication: A Journal of Bacomics"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2023.105530","article-title":"A hybrid BCI combining SSVEP and EOG and its application for continuous wheelchair control","volume":"88","author":"Mai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomedical Signal Processing and Control"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.3390\/s20030891","article-title":"A hybrid speller design using eye tracking and SSVEP brain\u2013computer interface","volume":"20","author":"Mannan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)90837-8","article-title":"Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement","volume":"327","author":"Martin\u00a0Bland","year":"1986","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.5334\/joc.18","article-title":"Pupillometry: Psychology, physiology, and function","volume":"1","author":"Math\u00f4t","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of cognition"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0148805","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148805","article-title":"The mind-writing pupil: A human-computer interface based on decoding of covert attention through pupillometry","volume":"11","author":"Math\u00f4t","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-74048-3","volume-title":"Dynamic Time Warping. Information Retrieval for Music and Motion","author":"Muller","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0226991","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0226991","article-title":"Eye-gaze information input based on pupillary response to visual stimulus with luminance modulation","volume":"15","author":"Muto","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00919","article-title":"Tracking the allocation of attention using human pupillary oscillations","volume":"4","author":"Naber","year":"2013","journal-title":"Frontiers in psychology"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacsc.2024.100246","article-title":"Designing light stimulation for a pupillary\u2013computer interface using binary code","author":"Nakatani","year":"2024","journal-title":"IFAC Journal of Systems and Control"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2886759","article-title":"A single-channel SSVEP-based BCI speller using deep learning","volume":"7","author":"Nguyen","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732545","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.732545","article-title":"Improving motor imagery-based brain-computer interface performance based on sensory stimulation training: An approach focused on poorly performing users","volume":"15","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroscience"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2023.3237583","article-title":"Improving performance of motor imagery-based brain\u2013computer interface in poorly performing subjects using a hybrid-imagery method utilizing combined motor and somatosensory activity","volume":"31","author":"Park","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2022.3228124","article-title":"Brain-controlled, AR-based home automation system using SSVEP-based brain\u2013computer interface and EOG-based eye tracker: A feasibility study for the elderly end user","volume":"31","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1093\/jcde\/qwac059","article-title":"Infrared webcam-based non-contact measurement of event-related potentials from event-related pupillary responses: An approach focused on mental workload","volume":"9","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Computational Design and Engineering"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.06.020","article-title":"On the relationship between instantaneous phase synchrony and correlation-based sliding windows for time-resolved fMRI connectivity analysis","volume":"181","author":"Pedersen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6001","DOI":"10.3390\/s23136001","article-title":"State-of-the-art on brain-computer interface technology","volume":"23","author":"Peksa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1109\/MSMC.2019.2958200","article-title":"Brain-machine interfaces: A tale of two learners","volume":"6","author":"Perdikis","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Magazine"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"012012","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/971\/1\/012012","article-title":"Comparison of ANN and SVM for classification of eye movements in EOG signals","volume-title":"Journal of Physics: Conference Series","author":"Qi","year":"2018"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3390\/mti8020006","article-title":"Optimal stimulus properties for steady-state visually evoked potential brain\u2013computer interfaces: A scoping review","volume":"8","author":"Reitelbach","year":"2024","journal-title":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s10044-018-0758-4","article-title":"Independent component analysis for a low-channel SSVEP-BCI","volume":"22","author":"Rejer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pattern Analysis and Applications"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.18502\/fbt.v8i3.7109","article-title":"Single-channel selection for detecting steady-state visual evoked potentials in a brain\u2013computer interface speller","volume":"8","author":"Saffari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-460X(84)90630-8","article-title":"Use of the hilbert transform in modal analysis of linear and non-linear structures","volume":"96","author":"Simon","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of Sound and Vibration"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1145\/2168556.2168585","article-title":"Robust real-time pupil tracking in highly off-axis images","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications","author":"\u015awirski","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2021.109442","article-title":"An autonomous hybrid brain-computer interface system combined with eye-tracking in virtual environment","volume":"368","author":"Tan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience Methods"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2022.104183","article-title":"Application of self-adaptive multiple-kernel extreme learning machine to improve MI-BCI performance of subjects with BCI illiteracy","volume":"79","author":"Tao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedical Signal Processing and Control"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"056007","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/abecef","article-title":"From full calibration to zero training for a code-modulated visual evoked potentials for brain\u2013computer interface","volume":"18","author":"Thielen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Neural Engineering"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4082","DOI":"10.3390\/s22114082","article-title":"Effects of paradigm color and screen brightness on visual fatigue in light environment of night based on eye tracker and EEG acquisition equipment","volume":"22","author":"Tian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-3429-0","article-title":"Non-parametric tests for psychological data","volume-title":"Statistics and Research Methods in Psychology with Excel","author":"Verma","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2018.1445068","article-title":"Towards a hybrid BCI gaming paradigm based on motor imagery and SSVEP","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Human\u2013Computer Interaction"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1167\/12.10.12","article-title":"A unified formula for light-adapted pupil size","volume":"12","author":"Watson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Vision"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-019-00639-3","article-title":"Pupillometry measures of autonomic nervous system regulation with advancing age in a healthy pediatric cohort","volume":"30","author":"Winston","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clinical Autonomic Research"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1109\/86.712231","article-title":"EEG-based communication: Improved accuracy by response verification","volume":"6","author":"Wolpaw","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3073","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2020.2975614","article-title":"Implementing over 100 command codes for a high-speed hybrid brain-computer interface using concurrent P300 and SSVEP features","volume":"67","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1093\/jcde\/qwaf092","article-title":"Resilient State-Space Network: A dynamically adaptive framework for non-linear modelling of temporal dependencies","volume":"12","author":"Xue","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Computational Design and Engineering"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5474","DOI":"10.3390\/s20195474","article-title":"A bipolar-channel hybrid brain-computer interface system for home automation control utilizing steady-state visually evoked potential and eye-blink signals","volume":"20","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87350","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3297882","article-title":"Evaluation of optimal stimuli for SSVEP-based augmented reality brain-computer interfaces","volume":"11","author":"Zehra","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103935","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2023.1103935","article-title":"An online hybrid BCI combining SSVEP and EOG-based eye movements","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3492","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2023.3308779","article-title":"A calibration-free hybrid BCI speller system based on high-frequency SSVEP and sEMG","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908050","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.908050","article-title":"Humanoid robot walking in maze controlled by SSVEP-BCI based on augmented reality stimulus","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2017.03.082","article-title":"The extension of multivariate synchronization index method for SSVEP-based BCI","volume":"269","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.3017491","article-title":"Data analytics in steady-state visual evoked potential-based brain\u2013computer interface: A review","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Sensors Journal"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1093\/jcde\/qwaf017","article-title":"GazeSymCAT: A symmetric cross-attention transformer for robust gaze estimation under extreme head poses and gaze variations","volume":"12","author":"Zhong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Computational Design and Engineering"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2881","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2020.2972747","article-title":"A hybrid asynchronous brain-computer interface combining SSVEP and EOG signals","volume":"67","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702357","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/702357","article-title":"A survey of stimulation methods used in SSVEP-based BCIs","volume":"2010","author":"Zhu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience"},{"key":"2026041212542384400_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583641","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbot.2020.583641","article-title":"A hybrid BCI based on SSVEP and EOG for robotic arm control","volume":"14","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neurorobotics"}],"container-title":["Journal of Computational Design and Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcde\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jcde\/qwag030\/67499629\/qwag030.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcde\/article-pdf\/13\/4\/179\/67499629\/qwag030.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcde\/article-pdf\/13\/4\/179\/67499629\/qwag030.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]],"date-time":"2026-04-12T16:54:36Z","timestamp":1776012876000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcde\/article\/13\/4\/179\/8539719"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jcde\/qwag030","relation":{},"ISSN":["2288-5048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2288-5048","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]}}}