{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T05:20:27Z","timestamp":1767676827979,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,8]],"date-time":"2020-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Additive manufacturing is emerging as the preferred process for making heterogeneous objects. Planning the deposition of material is more complex for heterogeneous objects as the material variation has to be tracked along the path. This paper proposes an iso-material contour representation to generate the process plan for additive manufacturing given a smooth representation of heterogeneous object model. These contours represent the iso-material paths for deposition. As these paths shift along the direction of the gradation of material distribution, the deposition respects the gradient of the designed material distribution unlike iso-oriented paths generated by a raster scan method. Since the paths have the same material composition, material frequent change in the material composition is avoided, which, in turn, avoids the uneven deposition caused by the frequent start and stop of deposition while the material is being changed along the paths generated by the traditional raster scan. Associativity between the contours and the corresponding designed material feature is maintained, and therefore, changes in material composition are automatically propagated to the process plan.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jcde\/qwz001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]],"date-time":"2020-01-29T12:12:23Z","timestamp":1580299943000},"page":"498-513","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Iso-material contour representation for process planning of heterogeneous object model"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"G K","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, Telangana 506004, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9857-9011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B","family":"Gurumoorthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2020081303464720200_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cagd.2003.08.002","article-title":"Heterogeneous material modeling with distance fields","volume":"21","author":"Biswas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Computer Aided Geometric Design"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020081303464720200_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-3203(78)90025-0","article-title":"Shape description using weighted symmetric axis features","volume":"10","author":"Blum","year":"1978","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"},{"key":"2020081303464720200_bib3","first-page":"33487","volume-title":"Delaunay mesh generation","author":"Cheng","year":"2012"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020081303464720200_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cad.2004.06.002","article-title":"A multi-material virtual prototyping system","volume":"37","author":"Choi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Computer-Aided Design"},{"key":"2020081303464720200_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cad.2014.05.010","article-title":"Voxel-based fabrication through material property mapping: A design method for bitmap printing","volume":"60","author":"Doubrovski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Computer-Aided Design"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020081303464720200_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-3019(99)00143-3","article-title":"Cerebrovascular biomodelling: A technical note","volume":"52","author":"D'Urso","year":"1999","journal-title":"Surgical Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020081303464720200_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcde.2016.06.005","article-title":"Material feature representation and identification with composite surfacelets","volume":"3","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Computational Design and Engineering"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020081303464720200_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1109\/2945.485619","article-title":"Automatic isosurface propagation using an extrema graph and sorted boundary cell lists","volume":"1","author":"Itoh","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics"},{"volume-title":"Analysis of functionally graded material object representation methods","year":"2000","author":"Jackson","key":"2020081303464720200_bib9"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020081303464720200_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1108\/13552540510573347","article-title":"Multi-nozzle deposition for construction of 3D biopolymer tissue scaffolds","volume":"11","author":"Khalil","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rapid Prototyping Journal"},{"issue":"11","key":"2020081303464720200_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2421","DOI":"10.1007\/s12541-014-0609-1","article-title":"Material pixel-based process planning for layered manufacturing of heterogeneous objects","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020081303464720200_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cad.2006.12.007","article-title":"Heterogeneous object modeling: A review","volume":"39","author":"Kou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Computer-Aided Design"},{"key":"2020081303464720200_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-68443-5_2","article-title":"Heterogeneous object design: An integrated CAX perspective","author":"Kou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Heterogeneous objects modelling and applications"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020081303464720200_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1108\/13552540910925018","article-title":"Robust and efficient algorithms for rapid prototyping of heterogeneous objects","volume":"15","author":"Kou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rapid Prototyping Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020081303464720200_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1080\/17452750701379197","article-title":"Voxelization and fabrication of freeform models","volume":"2","author":"Lin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Virtual and Physical Prototyping"},{"issue":"12","key":"2020081303464720200_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cad.2003.11.001","article-title":"Methods for feature-based design of heterogeneous solids","volume":"36","author":"Liu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Computer-Aided Design"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020081303464720200_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1108\/13552540210420989","article-title":"The role of rapid prototyping in the product development process: A case study on the ergonomic factors of handheld video games","volume":"8","author":"Lopez","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rapid Prototyping Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020081303464720200_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"041005","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4028418","article-title":"Design of a new parametric path plan for additive manufacturing of hollow porous structures with functionally graded materials","volume":"14","author":"Ozbolat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020081303464720200_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1108\/13552540310502185","article-title":"Slicing procedures in layered manufacturing: A review","volume":"9","author":"Pandey","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rapid Prototyping Journal"},{"key":"2020081303464720200_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1145\/376957.376982","article-title":"Volumetric multi-texturing for functionally gradient material representation","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Sixth ACM Symposium on Solid Modeling and Applications","author":"Park","year":"2001"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020081303464720200_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1002\/nme.1063","article-title":"LayTracks: A new approach to automated geometry adaptive quadrilateral mesh generation using medial axis transform","volume":"61","author":"Quadros","year":"2004","journal-title":"International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020081303464720200_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cad.2004.03.005","article-title":"Feature-based design and material blending for free-form heterogeneous object modeling","volume":"37","author":"Samanta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Computer-Aided Design"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020081303464720200_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1080\/16864360.2016.1199757","article-title":"A hybrid approach to define and represent material distribution in heterogeneous objects","volume":"14","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Computer-Aided Design and Applications"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020081303464720200_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcde.2018.11.003","article-title":"Modelling multiply connected heterogeneous objects using mixed-dimensional material reference features","volume":"6","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Computational Design and Engineering"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020081303464720200_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1559152","article-title":"Process-planning for layered manufacturing of heterogeneous objects using direct metal deposition","volume":"2","author":"Shin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020081303464720200_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-4485(01)00046-X","article-title":"\u2018Source-based\u2019 heterogeneous solid modeling","volume":"34","author":"Siu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Computer-Aided Design"},{"year":"2012","author":"Taubert","key":"2020081303464720200_bib28"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020081303464720200_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.A1700236","article-title":"Variable bead width of material extrusion-based additive manufacturing","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE A"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020081303464720200_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.3722\/cadaps.2010.759-776","article-title":"Multiscale heterogeneous modeling with surfacelets","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Computer-Aided Design and Applications"},{"issue":"12","key":"2020081303464720200_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cad.2005.01.005","article-title":"Equal distance offset approach to representing and process planning for solid freeform fabrication of functionally graded materials","volume":"37","author":"Xu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Computer-Aided Design"},{"issue":"5-6","key":"2020081303464720200_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-003-1623-0","article-title":"Adaptive slicing of functionally graded material objects for rapid prototyping","volume":"24","author":"Zhou","year":"2004","journal-title":"The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Computational Design and Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcde\/article-pdf\/7\/4\/498\/33646756\/qwz001.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcde\/article-pdf\/7\/4\/498\/33646756\/qwz001.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,14]],"date-time":"2020-08-14T03:59:46Z","timestamp":1597377586000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcde\/article\/7\/4\/498\/5817375"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jcde\/qwz001","relation":{},"ISSN":["2288-5048"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2288-5048"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]]}}}