{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T16:47:15Z","timestamp":1770742035805,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]],"date-time":"2022-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Virtual environments (VEs) provide novel ways for users to experience computer generated people and places, which can be used by researchers to examine and reduce racial bias. However, unless researchers consider the systemtic structures of racial inequities when designing their simulations, they may unintentionally create experiences that could prime or entrench racist beliefs or attitudes. A critical Whiteness framework guides this systematic review of 20 years of prejudice and bias reduction research in VEs. Of the 68 articles, findings indicated that virtual experiences are a promising tool in anti-bias interventions. Future research must expand to more longitudinal, behaviorally focused studies while prioritizing predictive theoretical models and meaningfully reflecting on inclusive practices within the broader bias reduction space. We discuss best practices for future research in anti-bias and anti-prejudice in VEs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jcmc\/zmac016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]],"date-time":"2022-09-22T06:23:43Z","timestamp":1663827823000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Confronting whiteness through virtual humans: a review of 20 years of research in prejudice and racial bias using virtual environments"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7713-7369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haley R","family":"Hatfield","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grady College of Journalism & Mass Communication, University of Georgia , Athens, GA, USA"}]},{"given":"Sun Joo (Grace)","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grady College of Journalism & Mass Communication, University of Georgia , Athens, GA, USA"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grady College of Journalism & Mass Communication, University of Georgia , Athens, GA, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5296-6216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristine L","family":"Nowak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication, University of Connecticut , Storrs, CT, USA"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"2022092205374830800_zmac016-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1080\/10410236.2013.869650","article-title":"Incorporating immersive virtual environments in health promotion campaigns: A construal level theory approach","volume":"30","author":"Ahn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Communication"},{"key":"2022092205374830800_zmac016-B2","volume-title":"Avatar, Assembled","author":"Ahn","year":"2017"},{"issue":"6","key":"2022092205374830800_zmac016-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1111\/jcc4.12173","article-title":"Experiencing nature: Embodying animals in immersive virtual environments increases inclusion of nature in self and involvement with nature","volume":"21","author":"Ahn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022092205374830800_zmac016-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1080\/15213269.2012.755877","article-title":"The effect of embodied experiences on self-other merging, attitude, and helping behavior","volume":"16","author":"Ahn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Media Psychology"},{"key":"2022092205374830800_zmac016-B5","first-page":"163","volume-title":"Persuasive Gaming in Context","author":"Ahn","year":"2021"},{"key":"2022092205374830800_zmac016-B6","first-page":"23","article-title":"Medical students' attitudes toward obese patient avatars of different skin color","volume":"173","author":"Andrade","year":"2012","journal-title":"Studies in Health Technology and Informatics"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022092205374830800_zmac016-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1177\/1555412014568870","article-title":"Priming or proteus effect? 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