{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T20:39:53Z","timestamp":1772138393394,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]],"date-time":"2023-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IIS-1617468"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IIS-1617468"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IIS-1617129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IIS-1617129"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Although peer production has created valuable information goods like Wikipedia, the GNU\/Linux operating system, and Reddit, the majority of attempts at peer production achieve very little. In work groups and teams, coordination and social integration\u2014manifested via dense, integrative communication networks\u2014predict success. We hypothesize that the conditions in which new peer production communities operate make communication problems common and make coordination and integration more difficult, and that variation in the structure of project communication networks will predict project success. In this article, we measure communication networks for 999 early-stage peer production wikis. We assess whether communities displaying network markers of coordination and social integration are more productive and long-lasting. Contrary to our expectations, we find a very weak relationship between communication structure and collaborative performance. We propose that technology may serve as a partial substitute for communication in coordinating work and integrating newcomers in peer production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jcmc\/zmad002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,11]],"date-time":"2023-02-11T16:32:54Z","timestamp":1676133174000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Communication networks do not predict success in attempts at peer production"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0078-2925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeremy","family":"Foote","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brian Lamb School of Communication, Purdue University , USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4330-957X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aaron","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwestern University Department of Communication Studies, , USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8588-7429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin Mako","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington Department of Communication, , USA"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4135\/9781446212509","volume-title":"Organizations evolving","author":"Aldrich","year":"2006","edition":"2nd ed."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2006.20785500","article-title":"Ties, leaders, and time in teams: Strong inference about network structure\u2019s effects on team viability and performance","volume":"49","author":"Balkundi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Academy of Management Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.2307\/1562247","article-title":"Coase\u2019s penguin, or, Linux and the nature of the firm","volume":"112","author":"Benkler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Yale Law Journal"},{"key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B4","volume-title":"The wealth of networks: How social production transforms markets and freedom","author":"Benkler","year":"2006"},{"key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B5","first-page":"91","volume-title":"Handbook on the economics of the internet","author":"Benkler","year":"2016"},{"key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B6","first-page":"175","volume-title":"Handbook of collective intelligence","author":"Benkler","year":"2015"},{"key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogsys.2015.12.003","article-title":"Stigmergic coordination in FLOSS development teams: Integrating explicit and implicit mechanisms","volume":"38","author":"Bolici","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cognitive Systems Research"},{"key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B8","first-page":"1","author":"Bryant","year":"2005"},{"key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v080.i01","article-title":"Brms: An R package for Bayesian multilevel models using Stan","volume":"80","author":"B\u00fcrkner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-3085(00)22009-1","article-title":"The Network Structure Of Social Capital","volume":"22","author":"Burt","journal-title":"Research in Organizational Behavior"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1083-6101.2008.00416.x","article-title":"The social psychological effects of feedback on the production of Internet information pools","volume":"13","author":"Cheshire","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B12","article-title":"The social structure of free and open source software development","volume":"10","author":"Crowston","year":"2005","journal-title":"First Monday"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s12130-006-1004-8","article-title":"Hierarchy and centralization in free and open source software team communications","volume":"18","author":"Crowston","year":"2006","journal-title":"Knowledge, Technology & Policy"},{"key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B14","first-page":"118a)","author":"Crowston","year":"2006"},{"key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B15","first-page":"1695, 1\u20139","article-title":"The igraph software package for complex network research","author":"Csardi","year":"2006","journal-title":"InterJournal, Complex Systems"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(02)00049-7","article-title":"Structural properties of work groups and their consequences for performance","volume":"25","author":"Cummings","year":"2003","journal-title":"Social Networks"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1083-6101.1998.tb00083.x","article-title":"Communication processes for virtual organizations","volume":"3","author":"DeSanctis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.2307\/20159054","article-title":"Motivating individuals and groups at work: A social identity perspective on leadership and group performance","volume":"29","author":"Ellemers","year":"2004","journal-title":"Academy of Management Review"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.1100.0614","article-title":"Knowledge collaboration in online communities","volume":"22","author":"Faraj","year":"2011","journal-title":"Organization Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.2016.0682","article-title":"Online community as space for knowledge flows","volume":"27","author":"Faraj","year":"2016","journal-title":"Information Systems Research"},{"key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B21","first-page":"72","author":"Fiesler","year":"2018"},{"key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B22","first-page":"99","volume-title":"iConference 2018: Transforming Digital Worlds","author":"Foote","year":"2018"},{"key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B23","first-page":"6376","author":"Foote","year":"2017"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8733(79)90002-9","article-title":"Centrality in social networks: II. Experimental results","volume":"2","author":"Freeman","year":"1980","journal-title":"Social Networks"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2885.1996.tb00120.x","article-title":"Connective and communal public goods in interactive communication systems","volume":"6","author":"Fulk","year":"1996","journal-title":"Communication Theory"},{"key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B26","article-title":"Investigating the role of control and support mechanisms in members\u2019 sense of virtual community","author":"Gibbs","year":"2016","journal-title":"Communication Research, 46(1), 117\u2013145"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.2189\/asqu.51.3.451","article-title":"Unpacking the concept of virtuality: The effects of geographic dispersion, electronic dependence, dynamic structure, and national diversity on team innovation","volume":"51","author":"Gibson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Administrative Science Quarterly"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1177\/0002764212469365","article-title":"The rise and decline of an open collaboration system: How Wikipedia\u2019s reaction to popularity is causing its decline","volume":"57","author":"Halfaker","year":"2013","journal-title":"American Behavioral Scientist"},{"key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B29","volume-title":"Almost Wikipedia: What eight collaborative encyclopedia projects reveal about mechanisms of collective action","author":"Hill","year":"2011"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.4018\/jossp.2009100102","article-title":"Communication network characteristics of open source communities","volume":"1","author":"Hinds","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Open Source Software and Processes"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.14.6.615.24872","article-title":"Out of sight, out of sync: Understanding conflict in distributed teams","volume":"14","author":"Hinds","year":"2003","journal-title":"Organization Science"},{"key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/2464.001.0001","volume-title":"Distributed work","author":"Hinds","year":"2002"},{"key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B33","volume-title":"Exit, voice, and loyalty: Responses to decline in firms, organizations, and states","author":"Hirschman","year":"1970"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.2307\/259266","article-title":"Social identity and self-categorization processes in organizational contexts","volume":"25","author":"Hogg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Academy of Management Review"},{"key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B35","author":"Howison","year":"2006"},{"issue":"CSCW2","key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462:1","DOI":"10.1145\/3479606","article-title":"Why do people participate in small online communities?","volume":"5","author":"Hwang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction"},{"key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2021.3997","article-title":"A large-scale comparative study of informal social networks in firms","author":"Jacobs","year":"2021","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1177\/1046496404264941","article-title":"Network Theory and Small Groups","volume":"35","author":"Katz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Small Group Research"},{"key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B39","first-page":"1:1","author":"Keegan","year":"2012"},{"key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B40","author":"Kittur","year":"2007"},{"key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B41","first-page":"215","author":"Kittur","year":"2010"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650212469402","article-title":"Are we on the same page? Knowledge boundaries and transactive memory system development in cross-functional teams","volume":"42","author":"Kotlarsky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Communication Research"},{"key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B43","first-page":"89","volume-title":"Computational organization theory","author":"Krackhardt","year":"1994"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-7333(02)00095-1","article-title":"How open source software works: \u201cFree\u201d user-to-user assistance","volume":"32","author":"Lakhani","year":"2003","journal-title":"Research Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1037\/h0057189","article-title":"Some effects of certain communication patterns on group performance","volume":"46","author":"Leavitt","year":"1951","journal-title":"The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology"},{"key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511663765","volume-title":"The critical mass in collective action: A micro-social theory","author":"Marwell","year":"1993"},{"key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-64425-7","volume-title":"Structural differentiation in social media: Adhocracy, entropy, and the \u201c1% effect\u201d","author":"Matei","year":"2017"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.85.2.273","article-title":"The influence of shared mental models on team process and performance","volume":"85","author":"Mathieu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195160369.001.0001","volume-title":"Theories of communication networks","author":"Monge","year":"2003"},{"issue":"CSCW","key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B50","first-page":"101:1","article-title":"All talk: How increasing interpersonal communication on wikis may not enhance productivity","volume":"3","author":"Narayan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proceedings of the ACM: Human-Computer Interaction"},{"issue":"11","key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1145\/1297797.1297798","article-title":"What motivates Wikipedians?","volume":"50","author":"Nov","year":"2007","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674041660","volume-title":"The logic of collective action: Public goods and the theory of groups","author":"Olson","year":"1965"},{"key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socnet.2015.04.002","article-title":"The influence of network structures of Wikipedia discussion pages on the efficiency of WikiProjects","volume":"43","author":"Qin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Social Networks"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.2307\/4131457","article-title":"How to make the team: Social networks vs. demography as criteria for designing effective teams","volume":"49","author":"Reagans","year":"2004","journal-title":"Administrative Science Quarterly"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.12.4.502.10637","article-title":"Networks, diversity, and productivity: The social capital of corporate R&D teams","volume":"12","author":"Reagans","year":"2001","journal-title":"Organization Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.2307\/41703483","article-title":"Building Member Attachment in Online Communities: Applying Theories of Group Identity and Interpersonal Bonds","volume":"36","author":"Harper","year":"2012","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B57","volume-title":"Diffusion of innovations","author":"Rogers","year":"1962"},{"key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B58","first-page":"27:1","author":"Roth","year":"2008"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.2307\/1519766","article-title":"The structure of founding teams: Homophily, strong ties, and isolation among U.S. entrepreneurs","volume":"68","author":"Ruef","year":"2003","journal-title":"American Sociological Review"},{"key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9780262017251.001.0001","volume-title":"Internet success: A study of open-source software commons","author":"Schweik","year":"2012"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1080\/10510970701341063","article-title":"Communication and social identity theory: Existing and potential connections in organizational identification research","volume":"58","author":"Scott","year":"2007","journal-title":"Communication Studies"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8733(83)90028-X","article-title":"Network structure and minimum degree","volume":"5","author":"Seidman","year":"1983","journal-title":"Social Networks"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1111\/jcom.12082","article-title":"Laboratories of oligarchy? How the iron law extends to peer production","volume":"64","author":"Shaw","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Communication"},{"key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B64","first-page":"355:1","author":"TeBlunthuis","year":"2018"},{"key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B65","author":"Therneau","year":"2022"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1037\/h0022100","article-title":"Developmental sequence in small groups","volume":"63","author":"Tuckman","year":"1965","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.2307\/2989877","article-title":"Work characteristics and subunit communication structure: A contingency analysis","volume":"24","author":"Tushman","year":"1979","journal-title":"Administrative Science Quarterly"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.2307\/2094477","article-title":"Determinants of coordination modes within organizations","volume":"41","author":"Van De Ven","year":"1976","journal-title":"American Sociological Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1111\/1464-0597.00020","article-title":"Work motivation and performance: A social identity perspective","volume":"49","author":"Van Knippenberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Applied Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.2307\/41703471","article-title":"Carrots and rainbows: Motivation and social practice in open source software development","volume":"36","author":"von Krogh","year":"2012","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-4634-3_9","volume-title":"Theories of group behavior","author":"Wegner","year":"1987"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1083-6101.1998.tb00081.x","article-title":"Communication patterns as determinants of organizational identification in a virtual organization","volume":"3","author":"Wiesenfeld","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emj.2013.12.005","article-title":"Can a team have too much cohesion? The dark side to network density","volume":"32","author":"Wise","year":"2014","journal-title":"European Management Journal"},{"key":"2023042601204959800_zmad002-B74","first-page":"407","author":"Zhu","year":"2012"}],"container-title":["Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcmc\/article-pdf\/28\/3\/zmad002\/50097656\/zmad002.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcmc\/article-pdf\/28\/3\/zmad002\/50097656\/zmad002.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,13]],"date-time":"2024-10-13T20:25:43Z","timestamp":1728851143000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcmc\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jcmc\/zmad002\/7084918"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Nicole","family":"Ellison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jcmc\/zmad002","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.31235\/osf.io\/g95pr","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1083-6101"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1083-6101","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]]},"article-number":"zmad002"}}