{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T06:56:24Z","timestamp":1776322584803,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]],"date-time":"2024-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706832000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":86,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001395","name":"Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#MSN275569"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#MSN275569"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001395","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001395","name":"Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#MSN275781"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#MSN275781"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001395","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) models like DALL\u00b7E 2 can interpret prompts and generate high-quality images that exhibit human creativity. Though public enthusiasm is booming, systematic auditing of potential gender biases in AI-generated images remains scarce. We addressed this gap by examining the prevalence of two occupational gender biases (representational and presentational biases) in 15,300 DALL\u00b7E 2 images spanning 153 occupations. We assessed potential bias amplification by benchmarking against the 2021 U.S. census data and Google Images. Our findings reveal that DALL\u00b7E 2 underrepresents women in male-dominated fields while overrepresenting them in female-dominated occupations. Additionally, DALL\u00b7E 2 images tend to depict more women than men with smiles and downward-pitching heads, particularly in female-dominated (versus male-dominated) occupations. Our algorithm auditing study demonstrates more pronounced representational and presentational biases in DALL\u00b7E 2 compared to Google Images and calls for feminist interventions to curtail the potential impacts of such biased AI-generated images on the media ecology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jcmc\/zmad045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]],"date-time":"2024-02-02T16:41:46Z","timestamp":1706892106000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["Smiling women pitching down: auditing representational and presentational gender biases in image-generative AI"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3502-2440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luhang","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Journalism and Mass Communication, , Madison, WI, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3951-6808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mian","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Journalism and Mass Communication, , Madison, WI, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1754-9895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yibing","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Journalism and Mass Communication, , Madison, WI, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1224-8524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoo Ji","family":"Suh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Journalism and Mass Communication, , Madison, WI, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0160-2882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liwei","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Communication Arts, , Madison, WI, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4209-9881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sijia","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Journalism and Mass Communication, , Madison, WI, USA"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2024020216413709300_zmad045-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650217715543","article-title":"Do mass mediated stereotypes harm members of negatively stereotyped groups? 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