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By integrating considerations in computer-mediated communication theorizing with the social-perceptual effects of online moral outrage, we explore how third-party observers evaluate flaming, also assessing beliefs about the signaling social function that flaming serves. In seven experiments (total N\u2009=\u20093,178), we manipulated the intentionality of triggering events and compared flaming to other types of online responses (less-toxic criticism; supportive), measuring reactions including moral regard, comment approval, and positive\/negative engagement. Findings suggest that flaming may sometimes act as exculpable moral outrage when responding to egregious behaviors. However, contrary to participants\u2019 beliefs, flaming does not reliably or persuasively influence perceptions of those whom it targets; rather, it mostly appears to send negative signals about the flamer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jcmc\/zmae001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]],"date-time":"2024-03-05T01:13:41Z","timestamp":1709601221000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Signaling outrage is a signal about the sender: moral perceptions of online flaming"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9277-8239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles Kevin","family":"Monge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Communication, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0130-7867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sean M","family":"Laurent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA, USA"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2024030501132844100_zmae001-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-9236(02)00190-2","article-title":"Flaming in electronic communication","volume":"36","author":"Alonzo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Decision Support Systems"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024030501132844100_zmae001-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1111\/jcc4.12009","article-title":"The \u201cnasty effect:\u201d Online incivility and risk perceptions of emerging technologies","volume":"19","author":"Anderson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024030501132844100_zmae001-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1177\/0149206314560412","article-title":"An introduction to Bayesian hypothesis testing for management research","volume":"41","author":"Andraszewicz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Management"},{"first-page":"1","year":"2021","author":"Beres","key":"2024030501132844100_zmae001-B4"},{"issue":"33","key":"2024030501132844100_zmae001-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abe5641","article-title":"How social learning amplifies moral outrage expression in online social networks","volume":"7","author":"Brady","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science Advances"},{"key":"2024030501132844100_zmae001-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-023-01582-0","article-title":"Overperception of moral outrage in online social networks inflates beliefs about intergroup hostility","volume":"7","author":"Brady","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature Human Behaviour"},{"issue":"28","key":"2024030501132844100_zmae001-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7313","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1618923114","article-title":"Emotion shapes the diffusion of moralized content in social networks","volume":"114","author":"Brady","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"2024030501132844100_zmae001-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2014.01.016","article-title":"Trolls just want to have fun","volume":"67","author":"Buckels","year":"2014","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"2024030501132844100_zmae001-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.10.014","article-title":"Third-person perception of online comments: Civil ones persuade you more than me","volume":"55","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"2024030501132844100_zmae001-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2017.02.010","article-title":"Nasty online comments anger you more than me, but nice ones make me as happy as you","volume":"71","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024030501132844100_zmae001-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1111\/jcom.12104","article-title":"Online and uncivil? 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