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Yet few scholars have compared the associated benefits of different fundamental digital resources. In response, a cross-sectional analysis of two waves of U.S. census data (2020, N\u2009=\u200984,206; 2023, N\u2009=\u200982,941) revealed that computer use (laptop\/desktop) was consistently a stronger predictor of beneficial internet use (e.g., job searches, government resources, and eHealth) than smartphone access or in-home internet service, and device quality explained additional model variance. Moreover, computer use without in-home internet was more beneficial than in-home internet without computer use, and in-home internet was especially important in homes with smartphones. These findings add nuance to resources and appropriation theory and the technology maintenance framework, and underscore that internet and devices are both important, requiring policies that facilitate access to both.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jcmc\/zmaf007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,27]],"date-time":"2025-04-27T23:39:06Z","timestamp":1745797146000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["First-level fundamentals: computer ownership is more important for internet benefits than in-home internet service"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3660-707X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy L","family":"Gonzales","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication, University of California , Santa Barbara, CA,","place":["United States"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5216-2093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ceciley (Xinyi)","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication, University of California , Santa Barbara, CA,","place":["United States"]}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025042719390160800_zmaf007-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2019.03.014","article-title":"Factors that affect the use of electronic personal health records among patients: A systematic review","volume":"126","author":"Abd-alrazaq","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Medical Informatics"},{"key":"2025042719390160800_zmaf007-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1631583","DOI":"10.1080\/23311908.2019.1631583","article-title":"Information and communication technologies, e-health and homelessness: A bibliometric review","volume":"6","author":"Calvo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cogent Psychology"},{"key":"2025042719390160800_zmaf007-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118x.2018.1555270","article-title":"Digital Inclusion through mobile phones: A comparison between mobile-only and computer users in internet access, skills and use","volume":"23","author":"Correa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Information, Communication & Society"},{"key":"2025042719390160800_zmaf007-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1177\/14614448211059114","article-title":"For better and for worse: A panel survey of how mobile-only and hybrid internet use affects digital skills over time","volume":"26","author":"Correa","year":"2022","journal-title":"New Media & Society"},{"key":"2025042719390160800_zmaf007-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1177\/000312240807300203","article-title":"Make money surfing the web? 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