{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T02:18:55Z","timestamp":1771467535154,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,22]],"date-time":"2018-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1540166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/jcmc\/zmy019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,30]],"date-time":"2018-08-30T05:20:42Z","timestamp":1535606442000},"page":"354-369","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Guilty by Visible Association: Socially Mediated Visibility in Gang Prosecutions"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Lane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA"}]},{"given":"Fanny A","family":"Ramirez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA"}]},{"given":"Katy E","family":"Pearce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018120611233861600_zmy019C1","volume-title":"Code of the street: Decency, violence, and the moral life of the inner city","author":"Anderson","year":"1999"},{"issue":"5","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018120611233861600_zmy019C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122417725865","article-title":"Big data surveillance: The case of policing","volume":"82","author":"Brayne","year":"2017","journal-title":"American Sociological Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018120611233861600_zmy019C3","first-page":"739","article-title":"Gang evidence: Issues for criminal defense","volume":"30","author":"Burrell","year":"1990","journal-title":"Santa Clara Law Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018120611233861600_zmy019C4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1080\/15456870.2015.972282","article-title":"Social media: Defining, developing, and divining","volume":"23","author":"Carr","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atlantic Journal of Communication"},{"issue":"4","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018120611233861600_zmy019C5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1177\/0270467617714944","article-title":"Theorizing affordances: From request to refuse","volume":"36","author":"Davis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018120611233861600_zmy019C6","first-page":"1","article-title":"A signaling perspective on disengagement from gangs","author":"Densley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Justice Quarterly"},{"issue":"1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018120611233861600_zmy019C7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1083-6101.2007.00394.x","article-title":"Signals in social supernets","volume":"13","author":"Donath","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication"},{"issue":"4","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018120611233861600_zmy019C8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1023\/B:BTTJ.0000047585.06264.cc","article-title":"Public displays of connection","volume":"22","author":"Donath","year":"2004","journal-title":"BT Technology Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018120611233861600_zmy019C9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-016-0417-2","article-title":"Dual trajectories of gang affiliation and delinquent peer association during adolescence: An examination of long-term offending outcomes","volume":"45","author":"Dong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018120611233861600_zmy019C10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diin.2015.09.005","article-title":"From data to disruption","volume":"15","author":"Duijn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Digital Investigation"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018120611233861600_zmy019C11","first-page":"151","volume-title":"The Oxford handbook of Internet studies","author":"Ellison","year":"2013"},{"issue":"1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018120611233861600_zmy019C12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/jcc4.12180","article-title":"Explicating affordances: A conceptual framework for understanding affordances in communication research","volume":"22","author":"Evans","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018120611233861600_zmy019C13","first-page":"98","article-title":"The management of visibilities in the digital age: Introduction","volume":"10","author":"Flyverbom","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Communication"},{"issue":"1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018120611233861600_zmy019C14","first-page":"55","article-title":"The ascendance of social media as evidence","volume":"28","author":"Fontecilla","year":"2013","journal-title":"Criminal Justice"},{"issue":"4","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018120611233861600_zmy019C15","first-page":"979","article-title":"Gang definitions, how do they work: What the Juggalos teach us about the inadequacy of current anti-gang law","volume":"97","author":"Fudge","year":"2013","journal-title":"Marquette Law Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018120611233861600_zmy019C16","first-page":"1","article-title":"Social network position of gang members in schools: Implications for recruitment and gang prevention","volume":"35","author":"Gallupe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Justice Quarterly"},{"issue":"1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018120611233861600_zmy019C17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1177\/0891241606287364","article-title":"\u201cWhere you from!\u201d: Gang identity as performance","volume":"36","author":"Garot","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Contemporary Ethnography"},{"issue":"6","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018120611233861600_zmy019C18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2006.04.002","article-title":"Stages of knowledge management systems in police investigations","volume":"19","author":"Gottschalk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Knowledge-Based Systems"},{"issue":"2","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018120611233861600_zmy019C19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.poetic.2013.01.001","article-title":"Gangs and gangsta rap in Chicago: A microscenes perspective","volume":"41","author":"Harkness","year":"2013","journal-title":"Poetics"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018120611233861600_zmy019C20","first-page":"620","article-title":"Fear itself: The impact of allegations of gang affiliation on pre-trial detention","volume":"23","author":"Howell","year":"2011","journal-title":"St. Thomas Law Review"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018120611233861600_zmy019C21","first-page":"2","article-title":"Gang policing: The post stop-and-frisk justification for profile-based policing","volume":"5","author":"Howell","year":"2015","journal-title":"University of Denver Criminal Law Review"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018120611233861600_zmy019C22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118726822.ch4","volume-title":"The handbook of gangs","author":"Huff","year":"2015"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018120611233861600_zmy019C23","author":"International Association of Chiefs of Police, & Urban Institute","year":"2017"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018120611233861600_zmy019C24","first-page":"2333","article-title":"Social media evidence","volume":"87","author":"Jackson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oklahoma Bar Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018120611233861600_zmy019C25","first-page":"35","article-title":"Policing by numbers: Big data and the Fourth Amendment","volume":"89","author":"Joh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Washington Law Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018120611233861600_zmy019C26","first-page":"185","article-title":"Untagging ourselves: Facebook and the law in the virtual panopticon","volume":"13","author":"Johnson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thomas M. Cooley Journal of Practical and Clinical Law"},{"issue":"3","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018120611233861600_zmy019C27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1177\/2153368714525411","article-title":"Rap on trial","volume":"4","author":"Kubrin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Race and Justice"},{"issue":"2","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018120611233861600_zmy019C28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1177\/0044118X85017002003","article-title":"Punk and middle-class values","volume":"17","author":"Lamy","year":"1985","journal-title":"Youth & Society"},{"issue":"1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018120611233861600_zmy019C29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1177\/0002764215601711","article-title":"The digital street: An ethnographic study of networked street life in Harlem","volume":"60","author":"Lane","year":"2016","journal-title":"American Behavioral Scientist"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018120611233861600_zmy019C30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","volume-title":"The digital street","author":"Lane","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780199381265.001.0001"},{"issue":"2","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018120611233861600_zmy019C31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1177\/0734016814529966","article-title":"Violent stories: Personal narratives, street socialization, and the negotiation of street culture among street-oriented youth","volume":"39","author":"Lauger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Criminal Justice Review"},{"issue":"5","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018120611233861600_zmy019C32","first-page":"1","article-title":"Broadcasting badness: Violence, identity, and performance in the online gang rap scene","volume":"35","author":"Lauger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Justice Quarterly"},{"issue":"3","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018120611233861600_zmy019C33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1080\/08838151.2012.705198","article-title":"Facework on Facebook: The online publicness of juvenile delinquents and youths-at-risk","volume":"56","author":"Lim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media"},{"issue":"3","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018120611233861600_zmy019C34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.2307\/2136756","article-title":"The buffering effect of social support subsequent to an important life event","volume":"26","author":"Lin","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Health and Social Behavior"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018120611233861600_zmy019C35","volume-title":"Criminal evidence","author":"Lippman","year":"2016"},{"issue":"3","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018120611233861600_zmy019C36","first-page":"1","article-title":"Understanding gangs and gang mentality: Acquiring evidence of the gang conspiracy","volume":"54","author":"Lyddane","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gangs"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018120611233861600_zmy019C37","first-page":"13","volume-title":"Surveillance as social sorting: Privacy, risk, and digital discrimination","author":"Lyon","year":"2003"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018120611233861600_zmy019C38","volume-title":"Surveillance studies: An overview","author":"Lyon","year":"2007"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018120611233861600_zmy019C39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118726822.ch15","volume-title":"The handbook of gangs","author":"McGloin","year":"2015"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018120611233861600_zmy019C40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315743981","volume-title":"The Routledge handbook of technology, crime and justice","author":"McGuire","year":"2017"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018120611233861600_zmy019C41","first-page":"47","article-title":"Technology and conflict: Group processes and collective violence in the Internet era","volume":"68","author":"Moule","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crime, Law, and Social Change"},{"issue":"1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018120611233861600_zmy019C42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/1745-9133.12006","article-title":"The importance of cohesion for gang research, policy, and practice","volume":"12","author":"Papachristos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Criminology & Public Policy"},{"issue":"5","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018120611233861600_zmy019C43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2012.12.035","article-title":"Internet banging: New trends in social media, gang violence, masculinity and hip hop","volume":"29","author":"Patton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018120611233861600_zmy019C44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1080\/10911359.2015.1127738","article-title":"\u201cPolice took my homie I dedicate my life 2 his revenge\u201d: Twitter tensions between gang-involved youth and police in Chicago","volume":"26","author":"Patton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment"},{"issue":"3","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018120611233861600_zmy019C45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/2056305117733344","article-title":"Stop and frisk online: Theorizing everyday racism in digital policing in the use of social media for identification of criminal conduct and associations","volume":"3","author":"Patton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Social Media + Society"},{"issue":"7","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018120611233861600_zmy019C46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444815625949","article-title":"Gang violence on the digital street: Case study of a South Side Chicago gang member\u2019s Twitter communication","volume":"19","author":"Patton","year":"2017","journal-title":"New Media & Society"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018120611233861600_zmy019C47","article-title":"What\u2019s a threat on social media?: How black and Latino Chicago young men define and navigate threats online","author":"Patton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Youth & Society"},{"issue":"2","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018120611233861600_zmy019C48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1177\/0894439315613319","article-title":"I know God\u2019s got a day 4 me","volume":"35","author":"Patton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Social Science Computer Review"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018120611233861600_zmy019C49","volume-title":"International Communication Association Conference","author":"Pearce","year":"2018"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018120611233861600_zmy019C50","first-page":"1310","article-title":"Socially mediated visibility: Friendship and dissent in authoritarian Azerbaijan","volume":"12","author":"Pearce","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Communication"},{"issue":"3","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018120611233861600_zmy019C51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1080\/07418825.2013.778326","article-title":"Criminal and routine activities in online settings: Gangs, offenders, and the Internet","volume":"32","author":"Pyrooz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Justice Quarterly"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018120611233861600_zmy019C52","first-page":"159","volume-title":"Media and social life","author":"Quinn","year":"2014"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018120611233861600_zmy019C53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-804526-8.00004-6","volume-title":"Digital forensics","author":"Seigfried-Spellar","year":"2016"},{"issue":"1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018120611233861600_zmy019C54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.012809.102657","article-title":"How to conduct a mixed methods study: Recent trends in a rapidly growing literature","volume":"37","author":"Small","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annual Review of Sociology"},{"issue":"6","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018120611233861600_zmy019C55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1080\/13676261.2016.1260694","article-title":"\u201cGoing viral\u201d and \u201cGoing country\u201d: The expressive and instrumental activities of street gangs on social media","volume":"20","author":"Storrod","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Youth Studies"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018120611233861600_zmy019C56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226180458.001.0001","volume-title":"Abductive analysis: Theorizing qualitative research","author":"Tavory","year":"2014"},{"issue":"2","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018120611233861600_zmy019C57","first-page":"78","article-title":"Anything you post online can and will be used against you in a court of law: Criminal liability and First Amendment implications of social media expression","volume":"71","author":"Taylor","year":"2014","journal-title":"National Lawyers Guild Review"},{"issue":"6","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018120611233861600_zmy019C58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1177\/0263276405059413","article-title":"The new visibility","volume":"22","author":"Thompson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Theory, Culture & Society"},{"issue":"1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018120611233861600_zmy019C61","first-page":"143","volume":"36","author":"Treem","year":"2012","journal-title":"Social media use in organizations. Communication Yearbook"},{"issue":"1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018120611233861600_zmy019C59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1080\/23808985.2013.11679130","article-title":"Social media use in organizations: Exploring the affordances of visibility, editability, persistence, and association","volume":"36","author":"Treem","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annals of the International Communication Association"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2018120611233861600_zmy019C60","first-page":"209","volume-title":"Social media, politics, and the state","author":"Trottier","year":"2015"}],"container-title":["Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcmc\/article-pdf\/23\/6\/354\/27029238\/zmy019.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,23]],"date-time":"2019-10-23T06:17:58Z","timestamp":1571811478000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcmc\/article\/23\/6\/354\/5140169"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,22]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jcmc\/zmy019","relation":{},"ISSN":["1083-6101"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1083-6101","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,22]]}}}