{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T15:03:21Z","timestamp":1758121401624},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645574400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Traditional literature considers complex biometric sources such as words, letters and signatures for writer verification\/identification. In this work the use of small segments of the handwritten stroke for writer verification is proposed. A grapheme is defined as the concatenation of smaller segments or fragments. Two models of grapheme are developed based on the idea that the segments are parts of a circle with or without direction. The average of Gray Level of the Perpendicular Line to the Skeleton and Local Binary Pattern are adopted as descriptors. A database of 3,000 images of 50 writers, with 6 types of segments and with 10 samples per segment has been developed. A binary output support vector machine was applied as classifier. Thus, 50 classifiers were trained using 100 balanced data sets generated using subsampling of the majority class. Experiments are carried out with the proposed models, with an identity verification hit rate of 97 % on average. The positive results of experiments show that it is possible to achieve high precision in writer verification using segment of graphemes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jigpal\/jzac006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]],"date-time":"2022-01-26T04:20:04Z","timestamp":1643170804000},"page":"965-978","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A new approach for writer verification based on segments of handwritten graphemes"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Ver\u00f3nica","family":"Aubin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dpto. de Ingenier\u00eda e Investigaciones Tecnol\u00f3gicas , Universidad de La Matanza, B1754JEC Buenos Aires, Argentina"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Mora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Maule , Avda. San Miguel 3605, Talca, Chile"}]},{"given":"Matilde","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Knowledge Technology , University Complutense of Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022112012384862400_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2014.10.027","article-title":"A model-based approach to offline text-independent arabic writer identification and verification","volume":"48","author":"Abdi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"},{"key":"2022112012384862400_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1109\/ICFHR.2012.256","article-title":"QUWI: an arabic and english handwriting dataset for offline writer identification","volume-title":"The 2012 International Conference on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition","author":"Al Maadeed","year":"2012"},{"key":"2022112012384862400_ref3","first-page":"39","article-title":"Handwritten signature verification using deep learning","volume":"3","author":"Alajrami","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Academic Multidisciplinary Research (IJAMR)"},{"key":"2022112012384862400_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2017.07.039","article-title":"A new descriptor for person identity verification based on handwritten strokes off-line analysis","volume":"89","author":"Aubin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"key":"2022112012384862400_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2018.02.024","article-title":"Off-line writer verification based on simple graphemes","volume":"79","author":"Aubin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"},{"key":"2022112012384862400_ref6","first-page":"231","article-title":"RIMES evaluation campaign for handwritten mail processing","volume-title":"International Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition (IWFHR'06)","author":"Augustin","year":"2006"},{"key":"2022112012384862400_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s13640-016-0139-0","article-title":"Writer verification based on a single handwriting word samples","volume":"2016","author":"Bensefia","year":"2016","journal-title":"EURASIP Journal on Image and Video Processing"},{"key":"2022112012384862400_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2012.10.016","article-title":"Texture-based descriptors for writer identification and verification","volume":"40","author":"Bertolini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"key":"2022112012384862400_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDAR.2005.84","article-title":"Databases for research on recognition of handwritten characters of indian scripts","volume-title":"Eighth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR\u201905)","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2005"},{"key":"2022112012384862400_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2016.10.005","article-title":"Writer identification using GMM supervectors and exemplar-SVMs","volume":"63","author":"Christlein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"},{"key":"2022112012384862400_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1109\/ICFHR-2018.2018.00040","article-title":"Writer verification using CNN feature extraction","volume-title":"The 2018 16th International Conference on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition (ICFHR)","author":"Chu","year":"2018"},{"key":"2022112012384862400_ref12","first-page":"3691","article-title":"Wavelet domain local binary pattern features for writer identification","volume-title":"PThe 2010 20th International Conference on attern Recognition (ICPR)","author":"Liang","year":"2010"},{"key":"2022112012384862400_ref13","first-page":"1","article-title":"The IFN\/ENIT-database-a tool to develop arabic handwriting recognition systems","volume-title":"The 2007 9th International Symposium on Signal Processing and Its Applications","author":"El Abed","year":"2007"},{"key":"2022112012384862400_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1109\/ICFHR.2010.54","article-title":"Forensic writer identification using allographic features","volume-title":"The 2010 12th International Conference on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition","author":"Sevilla","year":"2010"},{"key":"2022112012384862400_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s10032-011-0168-2","article-title":"CVC-MUSCIMA: a ground truth of handwritten music score images for writer identification and staff removal","volume":"15","author":"Forn\u00e9s","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition (IJDAR)"},{"key":"2022112012384862400_ref16","first-page":"373","article-title":"Off-line signature verification based on high pressure polar distribution","volume-title":"The 11th International Conference on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition","author":"Vargas","year":"2008"},{"key":"2022112012384862400_ref17","article-title":"Off-line signature verification using contour features","volume-title":"The 11th International Conference on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, Montreal, Quebec-Canada, August 19\u201321, 2008","author":"Gilperez","year":"2008"},{"key":"2022112012384862400_ref18","article-title":"NIST special database 19 handprinted forms and characters database","author":"Grother","year":"1995","journal-title":"Technical Report"},{"key":"2022112012384862400_ref19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Offline handwritten signature verification-literature review","volume-title":"The 2017 7th International Conference on Image Processing Theory, Tools and Applications (IPTA)","author":"Hafemann","year":"2017"},{"key":"2022112012384862400_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/978-81-322-2757-1_17","article-title":"Offline writer identification and verification-a state-of-the-art","volume-title":"Information Systems Design and Intelligent Applications","author":"Halder","year":"2016"},{"key":"2022112012384862400_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3013","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2020.2981236","article-title":"FRAG-NET: writer identification using deep fragment networks","volume":"15","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security"},{"key":"2022112012384862400_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1109\/72.991427","article-title":"A comparison of methods for multiclass support vector machines","volume":"13","author":"Hsu","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE transactions on Neural Networks"},{"key":"2022112012384862400_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1109\/34.291440","article-title":"A database for handwritten text recognition research","volume":"16","author":"Hull","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"2022112012384862400_ref24","first-page":"839","article-title":"Writer identification using steered hermite features and SVM","volume-title":"The Ninth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, 2007. ICDAR 2007, volume 2","author":"Imdad"},{"key":"2022112012384862400_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDAR.2013.117","article-title":"CVL-database: an off-line database for writer retrieval, writer identification and word spotting","volume-title":"The 2013 12th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition","author":"Kleber","year":"2013"},{"key":"2022112012384862400_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2007.10.012","article-title":"Parameter determination of support vector machine and feature selection using simulated annealing approach","volume":"8","author":"Lin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Applied Soft Computing"},{"key":"2022112012384862400_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDAR.2011.17","article-title":"CASIA online and offline chinese handwriting databases","volume-title":"The 2011 International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition","author":"Liu","year":"2011"},{"key":"2022112012384862400_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2013.07.007","article-title":"An insight into classification with imbalanced data: empirical results and current trends on using data intrinsic characteristics","volume":"250","author":"L\u00f3pez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Information Sciences"},{"key":"2022112012384862400_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1109\/ICFHR.2012.224","article-title":"KHATT: Arabic offline handwritten text database","volume-title":"The 2012 International Conference on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2012"},{"key":"2022112012384862400_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s100320200071","article-title":"The IAM-database: an english sentence database for offline handwriting recognition","volume":"5","author":"Marti","year":"2002","journal-title":"International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition"},{"key":"2022112012384862400_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7999","DOI":"10.3390\/app10227999","article-title":"Convolutional neural networks for off-line writer identification based on simple graphemes","volume":"10","author":"Mora","year":"2020","journal-title":"Applied Sciences"},{"key":"2022112012384862400_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3233\/ICA-200629","article-title":"A convolution-based distance measure for fuzzy singletons and its application in a pattern recognition problem","volume":"28","author":"Naranjo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Integrated Computer-Aided Engineering"},{"key":"2022112012384862400_ref33","first-page":"716","article-title":"Sparse radial sampling LBP for writer identification","volume-title":"The 2015 13th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR)","author":"Nicolaou","year":"2015"},{"key":"2022112012384862400_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3353","DOI":"10.32604\/cmc.2021.016342","article-title":"Hybrid trainable system for writer identification of arabic handwriting","volume":"68","author":"Saleem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Computers, Materials and Continua"},{"key":"2022112012384862400_ref35","first-page":"37","article-title":"Strassel, Linguistic resources for Arabic handwriting recognition","volume-title":"MEDAR Second International Conference on Arabic Language Resources and Tools","author":"Strassel","year":"2009"},{"key":"2022112012384862400_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDAR.2017.109","article-title":"Self-training of BLSTM with lexicon verification for handwriting recognition","volume-title":"2017 14th IAPR International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR)","author":"Stuner","year":"2017"},{"key":"2022112012384862400_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1109\/5.156477","article-title":"Computer recognition of unconstrained handwritten numerals","volume":"80","author":"Suen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE"},{"key":"2022112012384862400_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-2440-0","volume-title":"The Nature of Statistical Learning Theory","author":"Vapnik","year":"1995"},{"key":"2022112012384862400_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15733","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-018-3461-x","article-title":"Writer identification approach by holistic graphometric features using off-line handwritten words","volume":"32","author":"Vasquez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neural Computing and Applications"},{"key":"2022112012384862400_ref40","first-page":"455","article-title":"The IRESTE ON\/OFF (IRONOFF) dual handwriting database","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition","author":"Viard-Gaudin","year":"1999"},{"key":"2022112012384862400_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1145\/357994.358023","article-title":"A fast parallel algorithm for thinning digital patterns","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"1984","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"}],"container-title":["Logic Journal of the IGPL"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jigpal\/article-pdf\/30\/6\/965\/47058100\/jzac006.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jigpal\/article-pdf\/30\/6\/965\/47058100\/jzac006.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,20]],"date-time":"2022-11-20T12:39:09Z","timestamp":1668947949000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jigpal\/article\/30\/6\/965\/6534492"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jigpal\/jzac006","relation":{},"ISSN":["1367-0751","1368-9894"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1367-0751","type":"print"},{"value":"1368-9894","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]]}}}