{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T12:37:18Z","timestamp":1740141438500,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]],"date-time":"2024-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The analysis of the operation of tourism companies will provide valid information for the design of policies to reactivate the tourism industry, which has been strongly affected during the pandemic generated by COVID-19. The objective of this paper is to use soft computing techniques to analyse tourism companies in Ecuador. First of all, dimensionality reduction methods are applied: principal component analysis, isometric feature mapping and locally linear embedding, on data of tourism enterprises in Ecuador for the year 2015. In addition, to verify the trend of operational variables, the data of tourism companies in Ecuador in 2019 and 2020 are analysed with dimensionality reduction methods that improve the interpretation by minimizing the loss of information. The data sets are analysed with k-means, k-medoids and Hierarchical Clustering, generating groups according to similar characteristics. The optimal number of clusters is determined with the following: Elbow Method, Silhouette Coefficient, Davies-Bouldin Index and Dunn Index. In addition, an analysis of the operation of tourism companies in the year 2020 concerning previous years is included. The study allows exploring Soft Computing techniques to identify important information for the definition of strategies that contribute to an effective reactivation of the tourist industry of Ecuador.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jigpal\/jzae040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]],"date-time":"2024-08-16T00:26:25Z","timestamp":1723767985000},"page":"1018-1035","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploratory techniques to analyse Ecuador's tourism industry"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2655-412X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anita","family":"Herrera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Burgos Applied Computational Intelligence Group (GICAP), Department of Digitalization, Polytechnic School, , Av. Cantabria s\/n, 09006, Burgos, , ahv1002@alu.ubu.es","place":["Spain"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1614-9075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1ngel","family":"Arroyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Burgos Applied Computational Intelligence Group (GICAP), Department of Digitalization, Polytechnic School, , Av. Cantabria s\/n, 09006, Burgos, , aarroyop@ubu.es","place":["Spain"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7811-5113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo","family":"Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KEDGE Business School , 680 Cours de la Liberation, Talence (Bordeaux) , alfredo.jimenez@kedgebs.com","place":["France"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2444-5384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1lvaro","family":"Herrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Burgos Applied Computational Intelligence Group (GICAP), Department of Digitalization, Polytechnic School, , Av. Cantabria s\/n, 09006, Burgos, , ahcosio@ubu.es","place":["Spain"]}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025011705415338200_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1002\/wics.101","article-title":"Principal component analysis","volume":"2","author":"Abdi","year":"2010","journal-title":"WIREs Computational Statistics"},{"key":"2025011705415338200_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1108\/IJTC-09-2020-0206","article-title":"Urban tourism performance index over the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"7","author":"Anguera-Torrell","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Tourism Cities"},{"key":"2025011705415338200_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2020.114509","article-title":"Towards the use of data engineering, advanced visualization techniques and association rules to support knowledge discovery for public policies","volume":"170","author":"Conejero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"key":"2025011705415338200_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.1979.4766909","article-title":"A cluster separation measure","author":"Davies","year":"1979","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"2025011705415338200_ref5","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Knowledge and Systems Sciences","author":"Dinh","year":"2019"},{"key":"2025011705415338200_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1080\/01969727308546046","article-title":"A fuzzy relative of the ISODATA process and its use in detecting compact well-separated clusters","volume":"3","author":"Dunn","year":"1973","journal-title":"Journal of Cybernetics"},{"key":"2025011705415338200_ref7","first-page":"78","article-title":"Principles of correlation analysis","volume":"65","author":"Gogtay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of the Association of Physicians of India"},{"key":"2025011705415338200_ref8","first-page":"10","article-title":"Clustering validation of CLARA and K-means using Silhouette & DUNN measures on iris dataset","volume":"1","author":"Gupta","year":"2019","journal-title":"2019 International Conference on Machine Learning, Big Data, Cloud and Parallel Computing (COMITCon)"},{"key":"2025011705415338200_ref9","first-page":"811","volume-title":"Analysis of the Tourism Industry in Ecuador by Means of Soft Computing Techniques","author":"Herrera","year":"2022"},{"volume-title":"Hotels, Restaurants and Services Survey","year":"2015","author":"INEC","key":"2025011705415338200_ref10"},{"volume-title":"Business Structural Survey ENESEM","year":"2019","author":"INEC","key":"2025011705415338200_ref11"},{"volume-title":"Business Structural Survey ENESEM","year":"2020","author":"INEC","key":"2025011705415338200_ref12"},{"volume-title":"Visualizer","year":"2022","author":"Ministry-of-Tourism-Ecuador","key":"2025011705415338200_ref13"},{"volume-title":"Foundations of Machine Learning","year":"2018","author":"Mohri","key":"2025011705415338200_ref14"},{"key":"2025011705415338200_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdmm.2020.100532","article-title":"A machine learning approach to segmentation of tourists based on perceived destination sustainability and trustworthiness","volume":"19","author":"Penagos-Londo\u00f1o","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Destination Marketing & Management"},{"key":"2025011705415338200_ref16","first-page":"103","article-title":"Selection of K in K-means clustering","volume":"219","author":"Pham","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science"},{"key":"2025011705415338200_ref17","first-page":"1","article-title":"K-means clustering algorithm in web-based applications for grouping data on scholarship selection results","volume":"1","author":"Putra","year":"2021","journal-title":"2021 International Symposium on Electronics and Smart Devices (ISESD)"},{"key":"2025011705415338200_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr1401_4","article-title":"Hierarchical cluster analysis and the internal structure of tests","volume":"14","author":"Revelle","year":"1979","journal-title":"Multivariate Behavioral Research"},{"key":"2025011705415338200_ref19","first-page":"3","volume-title":"1. Tourism: A Vehicle for Development?","author":"Richard","year":"2020"},{"key":"2025011705415338200_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-25465-X_15","volume-title":"Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery Handbook","author":"Rokach","year":"2005"},{"key":"2025011705415338200_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/S0019-9958(69)90591-9","article-title":"A new approach to clustering","volume":"15","author":"Ruspini","year":"1969","journal-title":"Information and Control"},{"key":"2025011705415338200_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511806209","volume-title":"Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry: An Analytic Approach","author":"Ryan","year":"1986"},{"key":"2025011705415338200_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-019-01699-w","article-title":"Climate data clustering effects on arid and semi-arid rainfed wheat yield: a comparison of artificial intelligence and K-means approaches","volume":"63","author":"Salehnia","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Biometeorology"},{"key":"2025011705415338200_ref24","first-page":"171","volume-title":"Faster K-Medoids Clustering: Improving the PAM, CLARA, and CLARANS Algorithms","author":"Schubert","year":"2019"},{"key":"2025011705415338200_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2319","DOI":"10.1126\/science.290.5500.2319","article-title":"A global geometric framework for nonlinear dimensionality reduction","volume":"290","author":"Tenenbaum","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"volume-title":"Informe de Rendici\u00f3n de Cuentas 2020","author":"Tourism Ministry","key":"2025011705415338200_ref26"},{"volume-title":"Recovery Plan","year":"2020","author":"Tourism Ministry","key":"2025011705415338200_ref27"},{"key":"2025011705415338200_ref28","first-page":"13","article-title":"Dimensionality reduction: a comparative","volume":"10","author":"Van Der Maaten","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"2025011705415338200_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2021.108153","article-title":"Imbalanced credit risk prediction based on SMOTE and multi-kernel FCM improved by particle swarm optimization","volume":"114","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Applied Soft Computing"},{"key":"2025011705415338200_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1142\/9789814261302_0042","volume-title":"Fuzzy Sets, Fuzzy Logic, and Fuzzy Systems: Selected Papers by Lotfi a Zadeh","author":"Zadeh","year":"1996"}],"container-title":["Logic Journal of the IGPL"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jigpal\/article-pdf\/32\/6\/1018\/60929193\/jzae040.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jigpal\/article-pdf\/32\/6\/1018\/60929193\/jzae040.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T05:42:08Z","timestamp":1737092528000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jigpal\/article\/32\/6\/1018\/7697914"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jigpal\/jzae040","relation":{},"ISSN":["1367-0751","1368-9894"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1367-0751"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1368-9894"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]]}}}