{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T06:11:52Z","timestamp":1774591912095,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]],"date-time":"2024-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725580800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Heterogenous flows across system boundaries continue to pose significant problems for efficient resource allocation especially with respect to long term strategic planning and immediate problems about allocation to address particular resource shortages. The approach taken here to modelling such flows is an engineering change prediction one. This enables margin modelling by producing system models in dependency matrices with different linkage types. Change prediction approaches from engineering design can analyse where these bottlenecks in integrated systems would be so that resources can be deployed flexibility to avoid them and address them when they occur. Current state of the art of margin research can be furthered by identifying margins on multiple levels of system composition. It can usefully be complemented by a category theory based approach which allows representation of variable and constant properties of models under changing conditions, and the identification of flows within models. Category theory is useful for formalising such explanatory frameworks as it can both structure systems and permit analysis of their applications in a complementary way.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jigpal\/jzae087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]],"date-time":"2024-06-17T18:57:02Z","timestamp":1718650622000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Explanatory frameworks in complex change and resilience system modelling"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4021-6231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Addis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Wellbeing, Education and Language Studies, Open University , Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA and Centre for Philosophy of Natural and Social Science, London School of Economics and Political Science, mark.addis@open.ac.uk"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2201-3828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Eckert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and Innovation, Open University , Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, claudia.eckert@open.ac.uk"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026032700493874300_ref1","volume-title":"Chaos: An Introduction to Dynamical Systems","author":"Alligood","year":"2001"},{"key":"2026032700493874300_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1093\/philmat\/12.1.54","article-title":"An answer to Hellman's question: \u2018Does category theory provide a framework for mathematical structuralism?\u2019","volume":"12","author":"Awodey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Philosophia Mathematica"},{"key":"2026032700493874300_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-817636-8.00013-2","volume-title":"Compositional Models for Complex Systems","author":"Breiner","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026032700493874300_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1090\/noti2186","article-title":"Categories for planning and scheduling","volume":"67","author":"Briener","year":"2020","journal-title":"Notices of the AMS"},{"key":"2026032700493874300_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1109\/17.946528","article-title":"Applying the design structure matrix to system decomposition and integration problems: a review and new directions","volume":"48","author":"Browning","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management"},{"key":"2026032700493874300_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1765117","article-title":"Predicting change propagation in complex design","volume":"126","author":"Clarkson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Mech Des"},{"key":"2026032700493874300_ref7","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Handbook of Engineering Systems Design","author":"Eckert","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026032700493874300_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1080\/19378629.2022.212","article-title":"Models in engineering design as decision-making aids","volume":"14","author":"Eckert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Engineering Studies"},{"key":"2026032700493874300_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00163-003-0031-7","article-title":"Change and customisation in complex engineering domains","volume":"15","author":"Eckert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Research in Engineering Design"},{"key":"2026032700493874300_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2006.01.012","article-title":"Supporting change processes in design: Complexity, prediction and reliability","volume":"91","author":"Eckert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety"},{"key":"2026032700493874300_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/dsj.2020.19","article-title":"Design margins in industrial practice","volume":"6","author":"Eckert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Design Science"},{"key":"2026032700493874300_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/8896.001.0001","volume-title":"Design Structure Matrix Methods and Applications","author":"Eppinger","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026032700493874300_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20210099","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.2021.0099","article-title":"Operads for complex system design specification, analysis and synthesis","volume":"477","author":"Foley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. 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