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By applying several regression techniques, including recursive least squares, decision trees, and machine learning algorithms, the study identifies the most accurate model for predicting total nitrogen at the outlet. The results demonstrate that the virtual sensor can reliably estimate the target variable using other measurements at the plant, providing a cost-effective and robust solution to improve operations. The study highlights the potential of regression-based virtual sensors to optimize plant management without the need for significant investment in additional infrastructure, thus creating a viable methodology for use as well as a tool capable of detecting anomalies present in real measurements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jigpal\/jzaf035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]],"date-time":"2025-05-08T07:44:06Z","timestamp":1746690246000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Development of virtual sensors using multi-plant data for wastewater treatment applications: a case study on nitrogen prediction in effluents"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"M\u00edriam","family":"Timiraos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of A Coru\u00f1a, CTC, Department of Industrial Engineering, Ferrol, 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain; University of A Coru\u00f1a , CITIC, Campus de Elvi\u00f1a, 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain; Fundaci\u00f3n Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Galicia, Department of Water Technologies, National Technological Center, 15003, A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Rubi\u00f1os","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of A Coru\u00f1a, CTC, Department of Industrial Engineering, Ferrol, 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain; University of A Coru\u00f1a , CITIC, Campus de Elvi\u00f1a, 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta-Mar\u00cda","family":"\u00c1lvarez-Crespo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of A Coru\u00f1a, CTC, Department of Industrial Engineering, Ferrol, 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain; University of A Coru\u00f1a , CITIC, Campus de Elvi\u00f1a, 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00d3scar","family":"Fontenla-Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of A Coru\u00f1a, CITIC, Campus de Elvi\u00f1a, 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain; LIDIA, Department of Computer Science , Faculty of Informatics, University of A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"Calvo-Rolle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of A Coru\u00f1a, CTC, Department of Industrial Engineering, Ferrol, 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain; 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