{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T20:40:25Z","timestamp":1725050425998},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>In this paper, I argue against two common claims about so-called privative adjectives like \u2018fake\u2019: first, I argue against the idea that their semantic complexity requires a richer notion of lexical meaning than the standard one (see, e.g., Del Pinal, 2018); second, I argue against the idea that \u2018fake\u2019 is a subsective adjective \u2018in disguise\u2019 and does not semantically negate its input (see, e.g., Partee, 2010). I propose that a fake P is (i) intended to resemble a P and (ii) is not a P. This makes correct predictions for multiple applications of \u2018fake\u2019, a task at which other theories fail. In cases of double application of \u2018fake\u2019, the interaction between its conjunctive meaning and the negation hard-coded into clause (ii) yields a complex meaning, compatible with a variety of objects, which aligns with intuitions about what should count as a fake N. While the core meaning of \u2018fake\u2019 is quite simple, its mode of composition bears some complexity. In line with Martin (2022), I propose that \u2018fake\u2019 can alternatively (a) combine directly with the noun via Functional Application or (b) saturate its property argument via an implicit, contextually provided variable via Functional Application and then combine with the noun via Predicate Modification. Mode of composition (a) is clearly visible in syntactic parses that only allow for Functional Application: for instance, in Italian, if pre-nominal, \u2018fake\u2019 can only directly take the noun as an input (cf. Cinque, 2010). Positing (b) correctly predicts readings where \u2018fake\u2019 is not apparently privative: \u2018fake watch\u2019 can designate a watch that is made to resemble a Rolex but isn\u2019t one, i.e. a fake(-as-a-Rolex) watch. When the intersection between the $[\\![ \\mathit{fake} ]\\!] (*\\mathit{implicit\\ argument}*)$ complex and the noun is empty, rescuing principles originally proposed by Partee kick in to rescue from vacuous modification: this explains why we can refer to a fake gun as a gun, as in the sentence \u2018this gun is fake\u2019. As a result, besides correctly predicting iterated \u2018fake\u2019, this theory provides clear predictions on when and how Partee\u2019s pragmatic principles of noun modulation apply. I conclude the paper arguing that this view of privatives calls for a classification of adjectives in terms of their mode of composition, rather than in terms of their emergent entailment pattern.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jos\/ffae010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]],"date-time":"2024-08-08T20:09:34Z","timestamp":1723147774000},"page":"175-210","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Keeping <i>Fake<\/i> Simple"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Janek","family":"Guerrini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Jean Nicod, Department of Cognitive Studies, Ecole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure, EHESS, CNRS, PSL University"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024083016060422200_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511793936","volume-title":"Lexical Meaning in Context: A Web of Words","author":"Asher","year":"2011"},{"key":"2024083016060422200_ref2","first-page":"8","article-title":"Distribution of free-choice any","volume-title":"Papers from the Seventeenth Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistics Society","author":"Carlson","year":"1981"},{"key":"2024083016060422200_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9780262014168.001.0001","volume-title":"The Syntax of Adjectives: A Comparative Study","author":"Cinque","year":"2010"},{"key":"2024083016060422200_ref4","first-page":"3","article-title":"The semantic classification of adjectives. A view from syntax","volume":"35","author":"Cinque","year":"2014","journal-title":"Studies in Chinese Linguistics"},{"key":"2024083016060422200_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.2307\/2214677","article-title":"Concerning the logic of predicate modifiers","volume":"4","author":"Clark","year":"1970","journal-title":"No\u00fbs"},{"key":"2024083016060422200_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3765\/sp.8.7","article-title":"Dual content semantics, privative adjectives, and dynamic compositionality","volume":"8","author":"Del Pinal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semantics and Pragmatics"},{"key":"2024083016060422200_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s10988-017-9221-z","article-title":"Meaning, modulation, and context: a multidimensional semantics for truth-conditional pragmatics","volume":"41","author":"Del Pinal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Linguistics and Philosophy"},{"volume-title":"Lexical Illusions, (Non-) Maximality, and Invisible Gaps","year":"2020","author":"Feinmann","key":"2024083016060422200_ref8"},{"volume-title":"More on Lousy Teachers and Beautiful Dancers","year":"1999","author":"von Fintel","key":"2024083016060422200_ref9"},{"key":"2024083016060422200_ref10","first-page":"441","article-title":"Sense generation: A \u201cquasi-classical\u201d approach to concepts and concept combination","volume":"19","author":"Franks","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"article-title":"Genericity in similarity","year":"2022","author":"Guerrini","key":"2024083016060422200_ref11"},{"key":"2024083016060422200_ref12","article-title":"Like a N constructions and genericity","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ESSLLI 2022 Student Session","author":"Guerrini","year":"2022"},{"key":"2024083016060422200_ref13","article-title":"Shifting centers: toward a unified view of grammatical and contingent privative modification","volume-title":"Brain, Language, and Learning Conference, Universita\u2019 di Siena","author":"Guerrini","year":"2019"},{"key":"2024083016060422200_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1093\/jos\/9.3.183","article-title":"Presupposition projection and the semantics of attitude verbs","volume":"9","author":"Heim","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Semantics"},{"key":"2024083016060422200_ref33","first-page":"547","article-title":"On semantics","volume":"16","author":"Higginbotham","year":"1985","journal-title":"Linguistic inquiry"},{"key":"2024083016060422200_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jal.2017.12.004","article-title":"Iterated privation and positive predication","volume":"25","author":"Jespersen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Logic"},{"key":"2024083016060422200_ref16","first-page":"123","volume-title":"Two Theories About Adjectives","author":"Kamp","year":"1975"},{"volume-title":"The Generic Book","year":"1995","author":"Krifka","key":"2024083016060422200_ref17"},{"key":"2024083016060422200_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s10988-012-9115-z","article-title":"Contextualism and compositionality","volume":"35","author":"Lasersohn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Linguistics and Philosophy"},{"key":"2024083016060422200_ref19","first-page":"93","article-title":"Composietionality in privative adjectives: extending dual content semantics","volume-title":"European Summer School in Logic, Language and Information","author":"Martin","year":"2018"},{"volume-title":"Compositional Routes to (Non) Intersectivity","year":"2022","author":"Martin","key":"2024083016060422200_ref20"},{"key":"2024083016060422200_ref21","article-title":"English as a formal language","volume-title":"Linguaggi nella Societa\u2018 e nella Tecnica","author":"Montague","year":"1970"},{"volume-title":"Meaning, Creativity, and the Partial Inscrutability of the Human Mind","year":"1998","author":"Moravcsik","key":"2024083016060422200_ref22"},{"volume-title":"Modification","year":"2016","author":"Morzycki","key":"2024083016060422200_ref23"},{"key":"2024083016060422200_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780199213320.003.0002","article-title":"Content, context, and composition","volume-title":"Context-Sensitivity and Semantic Minimalism: New Essays on Semantics and Pragmatics","author":"Pagin","year":"2007"},{"key":"2024083016060422200_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00484803","article-title":"Some problems concerning the logic of grammatical modifiers","volume":"21","author":"Parsons","year":"1970","journal-title":"Synthese"},{"key":"2024083016060422200_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1163\/9789004253162_011","article-title":"Privative adjectives: subsective plus coercion","volume-title":"Presuppositions and Discourse: Essays Offered to Hans Kamp","author":"Partee","year":"2010"},{"key":"2024083016060422200_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1093\/jos\/12.2.133","article-title":"Aspectual coercion and logical polysemy","volume":"12","author":"Pustejovsky","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Semantics"},{"key":"2024083016060422200_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9973.1970.tb00602.x","article-title":"Is semantics possible?","volume":"1","author":"Putnam","year":"1970","journal-title":"Metaphilosophy"},{"key":"2024083016060422200_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199226993.001.0001","volume-title":"Truth-Conditional Pragmatics","author":"Recanati","year":"2010"},{"volume-title":"Talking About Appearances: Experience, Evaluation, and Evidence in Discourse","year":"2019","author":"Rudolph","key":"2024083016060422200_ref30"},{"volume-title":"Capturing the adjective","year":"1976","author":"Siegel","key":"2024083016060422200_ref34"},{"key":"2024083016060422200_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s11098-008-9296-z","article-title":"The determination of content","volume":"148","author":"Szab\u00f3","year":"2010","journal-title":"Philosophical Studies"},{"key":"2024083016060422200_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/tqjr2","article-title":"Not unreasonable: why two negatives don\u2019t make a positive","author":"Tessler","year":"2019"}],"container-title":["Journal of Semantics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jos\/article-pdf\/41\/2\/175\/58968196\/ffae010.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jos\/article-pdf\/41\/2\/175\/58968196\/ffae010.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T19:59:54Z","timestamp":1725047994000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jos\/article\/41\/2\/175\/7724080"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jos\/ffae010","relation":{},"ISSN":["0167-5133","1477-4593"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0167-5133"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1477-4593"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}}}