{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T20:47:07Z","timestamp":1761598027825},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,22]],"date-time":"2019-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,7]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/jos\/ffy020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,20]],"date-time":"2018-12-20T12:27:02Z","timestamp":1545308822000},"page":"317-348","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Vagueness in Implicature: The Case of Modified Adjectives"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Timothy","family":"Leffel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NORC at the University of Chicago"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Cremers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Logic, Language and Computation, Universiteit van Amsterdam"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Gotzner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz-Zentrums Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft, Humboldt University"}]},{"given":"Jacopo","family":"Romoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ulster University"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019052917101857700_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-18446-8_2","article-title":"On the psychology of truth-gaps","volume-title":"Vagueness in Communication","author":"Alxatib","year":"2011"},{"key":"2019052917101857700_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.3765\/salt.v25i0.3128","article-title":"Processing gradable adjectives in context: A Visual World study","volume":"25","author":"Aparicio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semantics and Linguistic Theory"},{"key":"2019052917101857700_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005466020243","article-title":"The myth of conventional implicature","volume":"22","author":"Bach","year":"1999","journal-title":"Linguistics and Philosophy"},{"key":"2019052917101857700_ref4","first-page":"19","article-title":"The grammar of relative adjectives and comparison","volume":"20","author":"Bartsch","year":"1972","journal-title":"Linguistische Berichte"},{"key":"2019052917101857700_ref5","article-title":"Parsimonious mixed models","author":"Bates","year":"2015"},{"key":"2019052917101857700_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2018.05.011","article-title":"Extremely costly intensifiers are stronger than quite costly ones","volume":"178","author":"Bennett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"2019052917101857700_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-74351-1_3","article-title":"The semantics of gradation","volume-title":"Dimensional Adjectives: Grammatical Structure and Conceptual Interpretation","author":"Bierwisch","year":"1989"},{"key":"2019052917101857700_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lingua.2003.09.016","article-title":"The pragmatics of sentential coordination with and","volume":"115","author":"Blakemore","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lingua"},{"key":"2019052917101857700_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110877786","volume-title":"Degree Words, vol. 53","author":"Bolinger","year":"1972"},{"key":"2019052917101857700_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s11050-017-9141-z","article-title":"The symmetry problem: current theories and prospects","volume":"26","author":"Breheny","year":"2016","journal-title":"Natural Language Semantics"},{"key":"2019052917101857700_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10988-014-9145-9","article-title":"A delineation solution to the puzzles of absolute adjectives","volume":"37","author":"Burnett","year":"2014","journal-title":"Linguistics and Philosophy"},{"key":"2019052917101857700_ref12","volume-title":"Similarity: towards a unified account of scalar implicatures, free choice permission, and presupposition projection","author":"Chemla","year":"2009"},{"key":"2019052917101857700_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-545850-4.50015-7","article-title":"The semantics of degree","volume-title":"Montague Grammar","author":"Cresswell","year":"1976"},{"key":"2019052917101857700_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00485048","article-title":"Wang\u2019s paradox","volume":"30","author":"Dummett","year":"1975","journal-title":"Synthese"},{"key":"2019052917101857700_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s10849-013-9183-7","article-title":"Vagueness and order effects in color categorization","volume":"22","author":"Egr\u00e9","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Logic, Language and Information"},{"key":"2019052917101857700_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1214\/088342304000000396","article-title":"Permutation methods: a basis for exact inference","volume":"19","author":"Ernst","year":"2004","journal-title":"Statistical Science"},{"key":"2019052917101857700_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1057\/9780230210752_4","article-title":"Free choice disjunction and the theory of scalar implicatures","volume-title":"Presupposition and Implicature in Compositional Semantics","author":"Fox","year":"2007"},{"key":"2019052917101857700_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1007\/s10988-006-9004-4","article-title":"The universal density of measurement\u2019","volume":"29","author":"Fox","year":"2006","journal-title":"Linguistics and Philosophy"},{"key":"2019052917101857700_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s11050-010-9065-3","article-title":"On the characterization of alternatives","volume":"19","author":"Fox","year":"2011","journal-title":"Natural Language Semantics"},{"key":"2019052917101857700_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1218633","article-title":"\u2018Predicting pragmatic reasoning in language games","volume":"336","author":"Frank","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2019052917101857700_ref21","first-page":"64","article-title":"Logic and conversation","volume-title":"The Logic of Grammar","author":"Grice","year":"1975"},{"key":"2019052917101857700_ref22","article-title":"Notes on comparatives and related matters","author":"Heim","year":"1985"},{"key":"2019052917101857700_ref23","first-page":"40","article-title":"Degree operators and scope","volume-title":"Proceedings of Semantics and Linguistic Theory","author":"Heim","year":"2000"},{"key":"2019052917101857700_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.105.3.254","article-title":"A fuzzy set approach to modifiers and vagueness in natural language","volume":"105","author":"Hersh","year":"1976","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"key":"2019052917101857700_ref25","volume-title":"A Natural History of Negation","author":"Horn","year":"1989"},{"key":"2019052917101857700_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.3765\/salt.v26i0.3954","article-title":"Presupposition: What went wrong?","volume":"26","author":"Karttunen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proceedings of Semantics and Linguistic Theory"},{"key":"2019052917101857700_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1007\/s10988-008-9029-y","article-title":"Structurally-defined alternatives","volume":"30","author":"Katzir","year":"2007","journal-title":"Linguistics and Philosophy"},{"key":"2019052917101857700_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1057\/9781137333285_3","article-title":"On the roles of markedness and contradiction in the use of alternatives","volume-title":"Pragmatics, Semantics and the Case of Scalar Implicatures","author":"Katzir","year":"2014"},{"key":"2019052917101857700_ref29","volume-title":"Projecting the Adjective: The Syntax and Semantics of Gradability and Comparison","author":"Kennedy","year":"1999"},{"key":"2019052917101857700_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10988-006-9008-0","article-title":"Vagueness and grammar: the semantics of relative and absolute gradable adjectives","volume":"30","author":"Kennedy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Linguistics and Philosophy"},{"key":"2019052917101857700_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1353\/lan.2005.0071","article-title":"Scale structure, degree modification, and the semantics of gradable predicates","volume":"81","author":"Kennedy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Language"},{"key":"2019052917101857700_ref32","first-page":"178","article-title":"The syntax and semantics of multiple degree modification in English","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar","author":"Kennedy","year":"2005"},{"key":"2019052917101857700_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fss.2003.06.007","article-title":"Triangular norms. Position paper I: basic analytical and algebraic properties","volume":"143","author":"Klement","year":"2004","journal-title":"Fuzzy Sets and Systems"},{"key":"2019052917101857700_ref34","first-page":"163","article-title":"Negated antonyms: creating and filling the gap","volume-title":"Presupposition and Implicature in Compositional Semantics","author":"Krifka","year":"2007"},{"key":"2019052917101857700_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.2307\/417059","article-title":"Pragmatic halos","volume":"75","author":"Lasersohn","year":"1999","journal-title":"Language"},{"key":"2019052917101857700_ref36","volume-title":"Measurement and Modality: The Scalar Basis of Modal Semantics","author":"Lassiter","year":"2011"},{"key":"2019052917101857700_ref37","first-page":"587","article-title":"Context, scale structure, and statistics in the interpretation of positive-form adjectives","volume-title":"Proceedings of Semantics and Linguistic Theory","author":"Lassiter","year":"2013"},{"key":"2019052917101857700_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3801","DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-015-0786-1","article-title":"Adjectival vagueness in a Bayesian model of interpretation","volume":"194","author":"Lassiter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Synthese"},{"key":"2019052917101857700_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.3765\/salt.v26i0.3937","article-title":"Imprecision is pragmatic: Evidence from referential processing","volume":"26","author":"Leffel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proceedings of Semantics and Linguistic Theory"},{"key":"2019052917101857700_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2007.03.024","article-title":"Non-parametric statistical testing of EEG- and MEG-data","volume":"164","author":"Maris","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience Methods"},{"key":"2019052917101857700_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00984960","article-title":"The conversational condition on Horn scales","volume":"18","author":"Matsumoto","year":"1995","journal-title":"Linguistics and Philosophy"},{"key":"2019052917101857700_ref42","volume-title":"The Logic of Conventional Implicature","author":"Potts","year":"2005"},{"key":"2019052917101857700_ref43","volume-title":"Interpretive Economy, Schelling Points, and Evolutionary Stability","author":"Potts","year":"2008"},{"key":"2019052917101857700_ref44","first-page":"23","article-title":"Gradable adjectives, vagueness, and optimal language use: A speaker-oriented model","volume-title":"Proceedings of Semantics and Linguistic Theory","author":"Qing","year":"2014"},{"key":"2019052917101857700_ref45","first-page":"1204","article-title":"Meaning and use of gradable adjectives: formal modeling meets empirical data","volume-title":"Proceedings of CogSci","author":"Qing","year":"2014"},{"key":"2019052917101857700_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-18446-8_10","article-title":"Contradictions at the borders","volume-title":"Vagueness in Communication: International Workshop","author":"Ripley","year":"2011"},{"key":"2019052917101857700_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1023\/B:LOGI.0000036830.62877.ee","article-title":"Utility, informativity and protocols","volume":"33","author":"van Rooy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Philosophical Logic"},{"key":"2019052917101857700_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-009-9687-5","article-title":"Measurement theory in linguistics","volume":"174","author":"Sassoon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Synthese"},{"key":"2019052917101857700_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1023\/B:LING.0000023378.71748.db","article-title":"Scalar implicatures in complex sentences","volume":"27","author":"Sauerland","year":"2004","journal-title":"Linguistics and Philosophy"},{"key":"2019052917101857700_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1515\/THLI.2008.013","article-title":"Be articulate: a pragmatic theory of presupposition projection","volume":"34","author":"Schlenker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Theoretical Linguistics"},{"key":"2019052917101857700_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-818X.2007.00049.x","article-title":"The semantics of comparatives and other degree constructions","volume":"2","author":"Schwarzschild","year":"2008","journal-title":"Language and Linguistics Compass"},{"key":"2019052917101857700_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0017.2011.01430.x","article-title":"Vagueness, logic and use: four experimental studies on vagueness","volume":"26","author":"Serchuk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mind & Language"},{"key":"2019052917101857700_ref53","first-page":"329","article-title":"On the conversational basis of some presuppositions","volume-title":"Perspectives on Linguistic Pragmatics","author":"Simons","year":"2001\/2013"},{"key":"2019052917101857700_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/lnc3.12101","article-title":"Measurement scales in natural language","volume":"9","author":"Solt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Language and Linguistics Compass"},{"key":"2019052917101857700_ref55","first-page":"166","article-title":"Experimenting with degree","volume-title":"Proceedings of Semantics and Linguistic Theory","author":"Solt","year":"2012"},{"key":"2019052917101857700_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s11245-014-9292-1","article-title":"Multivalent semantics for vagueness and presupposition","volume":"35","author":"Spector","year":"2016","journal-title":"Topoi"},{"key":"2019052917101857700_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jos\/3.1-2.1","article-title":"Comparing semantic theories of comparison","volume":"3","author":"von Stechow","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of Semantics"},{"key":"2019052917101857700_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s11050-015-9115-y","article-title":"Constraining the derivation of alternatives","volume":"23","author":"Trinh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Natural Language Semantics"},{"key":"2019052917101857700_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.2307\/2214170","article-title":"Sorites paradoxes and the semantics of vagueness","volume":"8","author":"Tye","year":"1994","journal-title":"Philosophical Perspectives"},{"key":"2019052917101857700_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/S0019-9958(65)90241-X","article-title":"Fuzzy sets","volume":"8","author":"Zadeh","year":"1965","journal-title":"Information and Control"},{"key":"2019052917101857700_ref61","volume-title":"Vagueness, Presupposition and Truth-Value Judgments","author":"Zehr","year":"2014"}],"container-title":["Journal of Semantics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jos\/article-pdf\/36\/2\/317\/28699373\/ffy020.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,29]],"date-time":"2019-05-29T21:11:13Z","timestamp":1559164273000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jos\/article\/36\/2\/317\/5289547"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,21]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jos\/ffy020","relation":{},"ISSN":["0167-5133","1477-4593"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0167-5133","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-4593","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,21]]}}}