{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T06:27:52Z","timestamp":1767162472082,"version":"build-2238731810"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]],"date-time":"2020-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/xx","name":"XX","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["XX"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XX"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/xx","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The German Konjunktiv II is known for its reportative and irrealis uses. This paper argues for a third, realis, use which is independent of the other two uses. Thus by uttering \u2018Da w\u00e4re Saft im K\u00fchlschrank there is.[realis subjunctive] juice in the fridge\u2019 a speaker can signal that not only is she certain that there is juice in the fridge, but also that she is offering the juice to an interlocutor. I show that the meaning contribution of the realis subjunctive is strictly not-at-issue, and I develop a multi-dimensional formal semantics that captures both the distribution of the realis subjunctive, and its interaction with operators such as negation and tense. The conditions of use of the construction are modelled in terms of decision theory.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jos\/ffz005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,7]],"date-time":"2019-03-07T23:18:58Z","timestamp":1552000738000},"page":"475-508","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Realis Subjunctive in German"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Eva","family":"Csipak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Abteilung Sprachwissenschaft, Universit\u00e4t Konstanz, Universit\u00e4tsstr. 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020110302410180400_ref1","first-page":"234","article-title":"On the exceptional status of reportative evidentials","volume-title":"Proceedings of SALT","author":"AnderBois","year":"2014"},{"key":"2020110302410180400_ref2","first-page":"74","article-title":"Ifs and cans","volume-title":"Journal of Symbolic Logic","author":"Austin","year":"1958"},{"key":"2020110302410180400_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1353\/lan.2007.0056","article-title":"Functional compositionality and the interaction of discourse constraints","volume":"83","author":"Birner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Language"},{"key":"2020110302410180400_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s10988-013-9134-4","article-title":"Deliberative modality under epistemic uncertainty","volume":"36","author":"Cariani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Linguistics and Philosophy"},{"key":"2020110302410180400_ref5","first-page":"167","article-title":"Deontic modals without decision theory","volume-title":"Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung","author":"Carr","year":"2012"},{"key":"2020110302410180400_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-011-9974-9","article-title":"What we know and what we do","volume":"190","author":"Charlow","year":"2013","journal-title":"Synthese"},{"key":"2020110302410180400_ref7","volume-title":"Meaning and Grammar: An Introduction to Semantics","author":"Chierchia","year":"1990"},{"key":"2020110302410180400_ref8","first-page":"37","article-title":"Imperatives: meaning and illocutionary force","volume-title":"Empirical Issues in Syntax and Semantics","author":"Condoravdi","year":"2012"},{"key":"2020110302410180400_ref9","volume-title":"Free Factive Subjunctives in German","author":"Csipak","year":"2015"},{"key":"2020110302410180400_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1093\/jos\/ffp007","article-title":"Decisions, dynamics and the japanese particle \u2018yo\u2019","volume":"26","author":"Davis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Semantics"},{"key":"2020110302410180400_ref11","volume-title":"The Semantics of Free Indirect Discourse","author":"Eckardt","year":"2014"},{"key":"2020110302410180400_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1023\/B:NALS.0000034514.27887.d9","article-title":"In a mediative mood: the semantics of the German reportive subjunctive","volume":"12","author":"Fabricius-Hansen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Natural Language Semantics"},{"key":"2020110302410180400_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1515\/TL.2007.013","article-title":"Really fucking brilliant","volume":"33","author":"Geurts","year":"2007","journal-title":"Theoretical Linguistics"},{"key":"2020110302410180400_ref14","first-page":"177","article-title":"Evaluative mood and nonveridicality","volume-title":"Tense, mood, and modality: new answers to old questions","author":"Giannakidou","year":"2013"},{"key":"2020110302410180400_ref15","volume-title":"Use-Conditional Meaning: Studies in Multi-dimensional Semantics","author":"Gutzmann","year":"2012"},{"key":"2020110302410180400_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198723820.001.0001","volume-title":"Use-Conditional Meaning: Studies in Multi-dimensional Semantics","author":"Gutzmann","year":"2015"},{"key":"2020110302410180400_ref17","volume-title":"Decision Theory","author":"Hansson","year":"2005"},{"key":"2020110302410180400_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110126969.7.487","article-title":"Artikel und definitheit","volume-title":"Semantik: Ein Internationales Handbuch der Zeitgen\u00f6ssischen Forschung","author":"Heim","year":"1991"},{"key":"2020110302410180400_ref19","article-title":"Tense and aspect","author":"Heim","year":"2014"},{"key":"2020110302410180400_ref20","volume-title":"Semantics in Generative Grammar","author":"Heim","year":"1998"},{"key":"2020110302410180400_ref21","volume-title":"Topics in Conditionals","author":"Iatridou","year":"1991"},{"key":"2020110302410180400_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/6598.003.0016","article-title":"Imperfect modality","volume-title":"The Syntax of Time","author":"Ippolito","year":"2004"},{"key":"2020110302410180400_ref23","article-title":"Linguistic Inquiry Monographs Series","volume-title":"Subjunctive Conditionals","author":"Ippolito","year":"2013"},{"key":"2020110302410180400_ref24","article-title":"The meaning of ouch and oops: explorations in the theory of meaning as use","author":"Kaplan","year":"1999"},{"key":"2020110302410180400_ref25","first-page":"169","article-title":"Presuppositions of compound sentences","volume":"4","author":"Karttunen","year":"1973","journal-title":"Linguistic Inquiry"},{"key":"2020110302410180400_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1093\/jos\/9.4.307","article-title":"Presuppositions, composition, and simple subjunctives","volume":"9","author":"Kasper","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Semantics"},{"key":"2020110302410180400_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00248849","article-title":"Partition and revision: the semantics of counterfactuals","volume":"10","author":"Kratzer","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Philosophical Logic"},{"key":"2020110302410180400_ref28","first-page":"93","article-title":"More structural analogies between tenses and pronouns","volume-title":"Proceedings of SALT VIII","author":"Kratzer","year":"1998"},{"key":"2020110302410180400_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1162\/ling.2009.40.3.367","article-title":"Presupposition and anaphora: remarks on the formulation of the projection problem","volume":"40","author":"Kripke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Linguistic Inquiry"},{"key":"2020110302410180400_ref30","volume-title":"Counterfactuals","author":"Lewis","year":"1973"},{"key":"2020110302410180400_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3765\/sp.3.9","article-title":"Cross-linguistic variation in modality systems: the role of mood","volume":"3","author":"Matthewson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Semantics and Pragmatics"},{"key":"2020110302410180400_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3765\/sp.3.8","article-title":"Varieties of conventional implicature","volume":"3","author":"McCready","year":"2010","journal-title":"Semantics and Pragmatics"},{"key":"2020110302410180400_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.2307\/2025024","article-title":"Some structural analogies between tenses and pronouns in English","volume":"70","author":"Partee","year":"1973","journal-title":"Journal of Philosophy"},{"key":"2020110302410180400_ref34","volume-title":"Negative Indefinites","author":"Penka","year":"2011"},{"key":"2020110302410180400_ref35","first-page":"52","article-title":"Antipresuppositions","volume-title":"Theoretical and Empirical Studies of Reference and Anaphora","author":"Percus","year":"2006"},{"key":"2020110302410180400_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008280630142","article-title":"The semantics of mood, complementation, and conversational force","volume":"5","author":"Portner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Natural Language Semantics"},{"key":"2020110302410180400_ref37","volume-title":"The Logic of Conventional Implicatures","author":"Potts","year":"2005"},{"key":"2020110302410180400_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1515\/TL.2007.011","article-title":"The expressive dimension","volume":"33","author":"Potts","year":"2007","journal-title":"Theoretical Linguistics"},{"key":"2020110302410180400_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3765\/sp.5.6","article-title":"Information structure: towards an integrated formal theory of pragmatics","volume":"5","author":"Roberts","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semantics and Pragmatics"},{"key":"2020110302410180400_ref40","first-page":"169","article-title":"Figuring out what we ought to do: the challenge of delineating priorities","author":"Rubinstein","year":"2013"},{"key":"2020110302410180400_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110209303.4.581","article-title":"Implicated presuppositions","volume-title":"Sentence and Context","author":"Sauerland","year":"2008"},{"key":"2020110302410180400_ref42","first-page":"269","article-title":"The lazy Frenchman\u2019s approach to the subjunctive (speculations on reference to worlds and semantic defaults in the analysis of mood)","volume-title":"Romance Languages and Linguistic Theory","author":"Schlenker","year":"2005"},{"key":"2020110302410180400_ref43","volume-title":"The Syntax and Semantics of Implicit Conditionals: Filling in the Antecedent","author":"Schueler","year":"2008"},{"key":"2020110302410180400_ref44","first-page":"309","article-title":"What projects and why","volume-title":"Proceedings of SALT 20","author":"Simons","year":"2010"},{"key":"2020110302410180400_ref45","volume-title":"Zur Semantik und Pragmatik des Konjunktivs der Indirektheit im Deutschen","author":"Sode","year":"2014"},{"key":"2020110302410180400_ref46","first-page":"98","article-title":"A theory of conditionals","volume-title":"Studies in Logical Theory","author":"Stalnaker","year":"1968"},{"key":"2020110302410180400_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1007\/s11098-011-9836-9","article-title":"Subjunctive biscuit and stand-off conditionals","volume":"163","author":"Swanson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Philosophical Studies"},{"key":"2020110302410180400_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1353\/lan.2013.0001","article-title":"Toward a taxonomy of projective content","volume":"89","author":"Tonhauser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Language"},{"key":"2020110302410180400_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s11168-004-1975-0","article-title":"The utility of mention-some questions","volume":"2","author":"van Rooij","year":"2004","journal-title":"Research on Language and Computation"},{"key":"2020110302410180400_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s11245-006-9007-3","article-title":"Optimal assertions, and what they implicate","volume":"26","author":"van Rooij","year":"2007","journal-title":"Topoi"},{"key":"2020110302410180400_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s10988-008-9046-x","article-title":"Mood and gradability: an investigation of the subjunctive mood in Spanish","volume":"31","author":"Villalta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Linguistics and Philosophy"},{"key":"2020110302410180400_ref52","first-page":"29","article-title":"The presupposition of subjunctive conditionals","volume-title":"The Interpretive Tract","author":"von Fintel","year":"1998"},{"key":"2020110302410180400_ref53","article-title":"The best we can (expect) to get? Challenges to the classic semantics for deontic modals","author":"von Fintel","year":"2012"},{"key":"2020110302410180400_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-8354-9_6","article-title":"How to say ought in foreign: the composition of weak necessity modals","volume-title":"Time and Modality","author":"von Fintel","year":"2008"},{"key":"2020110302410180400_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9783111678764","volume-title":"Zwischen Direkter und Indirekter Rede: Nichtw\u00f6rtliche Direkte Rede, Erlebte Rede, Logophorische Konstruktionen und Verwandtes","author":"von Roncador","year":"1988"},{"key":"2020110302410180400_ref56","article-title":"On the temporal organisation of indicative conditionals","author":"von Stechow","year":"2011","journal-title":"ms"}],"container-title":["Journal of Semantics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jos\/article-pdf\/37\/4\/475\/34070859\/ffz005.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jos\/article-pdf\/37\/4\/475\/34070859\/ffz005.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T10:02:06Z","timestamp":1721037726000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jos\/article\/37\/4\/475\/5891407"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]]},"references-count":56,"aliases":["10.1093\/jos\/ffz007"],"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jos\/ffz005","relation":{},"ISSN":["0167-5133","1477-4593"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0167-5133","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-4593","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]]}}}