{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T12:50:38Z","timestamp":1775739038300,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]],"date-time":"2020-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This article explores the differences of translation processes for expressive and informative texts by professional translators primarily by triangulating pausing and revision data retrieved by Keystroke logging experiment and rational report thereof via questionnaire survey and interview. The article discovers that in terms of temporal distribution, the drafting of informative text accounts for a larger proportion of time, while orientation and checking accounts for a smaller proportion compared with those of expressive texts. At orientation interval, translators come to fully understand the source expressive text at the very beginning, while generally conducting syntactic analysis of and re-sequencing the semantic component of source text in target language in translating informative text. At drafting interval, structural modification frequency word rate (MWR) in translating the expressive text is larger than that in translating the informative texts, while spelling and lexical MWRs of both texts are similar. At checking interval, both texts hardly see any structural modification, but lexical MWR for the former is much bigger than that for the latter. These data, along with pausing and revision rational report, suggest the priority of familiarity with standardized grammar and expertise in specialized field for translating informative text, and the importance of embedded reading and writing training for translating expressive text.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/llc\/fqaa052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,24]],"date-time":"2020-09-24T19:15:34Z","timestamp":1600974934000},"page":"782-793","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Different processes for translating expressive versus informative texts? A computer-assisted study of professionals\u2019 English\u2013Chinese translation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5895-9431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianwei","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PRC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenjun","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PRC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2021102616242038300_fqaa052-B1","first-page":"105","article-title":"On drafting and revision in translation: a corpus linguistics oriented analysis of translation process data","volume":"1","author":"Alves","year":"2011","journal-title":"Translation: Corpora, Computation, Cognition. Special Issue on Parallel Corpora: Annotation, Exploitation, Evaluation"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021102616242038300_fqaa052-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1080\/00207590701398951","article-title":"Execution and pauses in writing narratives: processing time, cognitive effort and typing skill","volume":"43","author":"Alves","year":"2008","journal-title":"International Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"2021102616242038300_fqaa052-B3","volume-title":"Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice","author":"Bell","year":"1991"},{"key":"2021102616242038300_fqaa052-B4","author":"Chang","year":"2009"},{"key":"2021102616242038300_fqaa052-B5","first-page":"13","article-title":"The name and nature of translator studies","volume":"42","author":"Chesterman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hermes \u2013 Journal of Language and Communication Studies"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021102616242038300_fqaa052-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1075\/target.27.2.05cif","article-title":"Thinking for translating a\u2002think-aloud\u2002protocol on the\u2002translation\u2002of manner-of-motion verbs","volume":"27","author":"Cifuentes-Ferez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Target"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021102616242038300_fqaa052-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1075\/target.17.1.04dra","article-title":"Segmentation in translation: differences across levels of expertise and difficulty","volume":"17","author":"Dragsted","year":"2005","journal-title":"Target"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021102616242038300_fqaa052-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.87.3.215","article-title":"Verbal reports as data","volume":"87","author":"Ericsson","year":"1980","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"2021102616242038300_fqaa052-B9","volume-title":"Protocol Analysis: Verbal Reports as Data","author":"Ericsson","year":"1999","edition":"3rd edn."},{"issue":"3","key":"2021102616242038300_fqaa052-B10","first-page":"60","article-title":"Cognitive effort in direct and inverse translation performance: insight from eye-tracking technology","volume":"36","author":"Ferreira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cadernos de Traducao"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021102616242038300_fqaa052-B11","first-page":"79","article-title":"Comparing cognitive load in L1 and L2 translation: evidence from eye-tracking","author":"Feng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Foreign Languages in China, 14"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021102616242038300_fqaa052-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroling.2012.12.002","article-title":"Brain activity during translation: a review of the neuroimaging evidence as a testing ground for clinically-based hypotheses","volume":"26","author":"Garcia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Neurolinguistics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021102616242038300_fqaa052-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1075\/ts.4.2.07hal","article-title":"Cognitive translation studies and the merging of empirical paradigms. The case of \u201cliteral translation","volume":"4","author":"Halverson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Translation Spaces"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021102616242038300_fqaa052-B14","first-page":"816","article-title":"Controlling the process: theoretical and methodological reflections on research into translation processes","volume":"41","author":"Hansen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Latin American Studies"},{"key":"2021102616242038300_fqaa052-B15","volume-title":"Methods and Strategies of Process Research: Integrative Approaches in Translation Studies","author":"Hild","year":"2011"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021102616242038300_fqaa052-B16","first-page":"32","article-title":"Research on Revising Patterns of Translators with Different Levels of Translation Expertise with Translog","volume":"178","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Technology Enhanced Foreign Language Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021102616242038300_fqaa052-B17","first-page":"510","article-title":"Digital resources in the translation process-attention, cognitive effort and processing flow","volume":"27","author":"Hvelplund","year":"2019","journal-title":"Perspectives-Studies in Translation Theory and Practice"},{"key":"2021102616242038300_fqaa052-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1075\/ata.18.04tan","volume-title":"Innovation and Expansion in Translation Process Research","author":"Hvelplund","year":"2018"},{"key":"2021102616242038300_fqaa052-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1075\/target.18.2.06imm","article-title":"Translation as a writing process: Pauses in translation versus monolingual text production","volume":"18","author":"Immonen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Target"},{"key":"2021102616242038300_fqaa052-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1075\/hts.3.tra14","volume-title":"Handbook of Translation Studies","author":"J\u00e4\u00e4skel\u00e4inen","year":"2012"},{"key":"2021102616242038300_fqaa052-B21","first-page":"65","volume-title":"The Known Unknowns of Translation Studies","author":"Jakobsen","year":"2014"},{"key":"2021102616242038300_fqaa052-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1075\/btl.94.06jak","volume-title":"Methods and Strategies of Process Research: Integrative Approaches in Translation Studies","author":"Jakobsen","year":"2011"},{"key":"2021102616242038300_fqaa052-B23","first-page":"191","volume-title":"Empirical Translation Studies: Process and Product","author":"Jakobsen","year":"2002"},{"issue":"36","key":"2021102616242038300_fqaa052-B24","first-page":"103","article-title":"Eye movement behaviour across four different types of reading task","author":"Jakobsen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Copenhagen Studies in Language"},{"key":"2021102616242038300_fqaa052-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1075\/btl.81.14jon","volume-title":"Agents of Translation","author":"Jones","year":"2009"},{"key":"2021102616242038300_fqaa052-B26","first-page":"137","volume-title":"Cognitive Processes in Translation and Interpreting","author":"Kiraly","year":"1997"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021102616242038300_fqaa052-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1556\/Acr.12.2011.2.7","article-title":"The making of literary translations: repetition and ambiguity in a short story by Ernest Hemingway","volume":"12","author":"Kolb","year":"2011","journal-title":"Across Languages and Cultures"},{"key":"2021102616242038300_fqaa052-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119241485.ch21","volume-title":"The Handbook of Translation and Cognition","author":"Lacruz","year":"2017"},{"key":"2021102616242038300_fqaa052-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1075\/ata.xviii","volume-title":"Innovation and Expansion in Translation Process Research","author":"Lacruz","year":"2018"},{"key":"2021102616242038300_fqaa052-B30","author":"Lautala","year":"2013"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021102616242038300_fqaa052-B31","first-page":"133","article-title":"An empirical study of the directionality of Chinese idioms translation based on corpus","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Estudios de Traduccion"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021102616242038300_fqaa052-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1117\/1.NPh.5.2.025010","article-title":"Which is more costly in Chinese to English simultaneous interpreting, \u201cpairing\u201d or \u201ctransphrasing\u201d? Evidence from an fNIRS neuroimaging study","volume":"5","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurophotonics"},{"key":"2021102616242038300_fqaa052-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1075\/btl.45.11liv","volume-title":"Triangulating Translation: Perspectives in Process Oriented Research","author":"Livbjerg","year":"2003"},{"key":"2021102616242038300_fqaa052-B34","first-page":"107","volume-title":"Reembedding Translation Process Research","author":"L\u00f3pez","year":"2016"},{"key":"2021102616242038300_fqaa052-B35","author":"Luo","year":"2016"},{"key":"2021102616242038300_fqaa052-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1075\/btl.128","volume-title":"Reembedding Translation Process Research","author":"Mart\u00edn","year":"2016"},{"key":"2021102616242038300_fqaa052-B37","volume-title":"A Textbook of Translation","author":"Newmark","year":"1988"},{"key":"2021102616242038300_fqaa052-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1075\/btl.94.16nor","volume-title":"Methods and Strategies of Process Research: Integrative Approaches in Translation Studies","author":"Norberg","year":"2011"},{"key":"2021102616242038300_fqaa052-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1075\/btl.81.09pal","volume-title":"Agents of Translation","author":"Paloposki","year":"2009"},{"key":"2021102616242038300_fqaa052-B40","first-page":"93","volume-title":"Translation Research Projects 2","author":"Pavlovic","year":"2009"},{"key":"2021102616242038300_fqaa052-B41","first-page":"105","volume-title":"Readings in Translation Theory","author":"Reiss","year":"1989"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021102616242038300_fqaa052-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1075\/target.25.1.04ris","article-title":"Extended translation: a sociocognitive research agenda","volume":"25","author":"Risku","year":"2013","journal-title":"Target"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021102616242038300_fqaa052-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1075\/target.25.1.08shu","article-title":"Metaphor in translation: possibilities for process research","volume":"25","author":"Schffner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Target"},{"key":"2021102616242038300_fqaa052-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108678162","volume-title":"The Work of Literary Translation","author":"Scott","year":"2018"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021102616242038300_fqaa052-B45","first-page":"176","article-title":"Cognitive load in simultaneous interpreting: measures and methods","volume":"13","author":"Seeber","year":"2011","journal-title":"Target"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021102616242038300_fqaa052-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.15749\/jts.2017.18.3.005","article-title":"Exploring the \u201cTranslation\u201d of book covers: a comparative analysis of appeal use for expressive and informative texts","volume":"18","author":"Seon","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Journal of Translation Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021102616242038300_fqaa052-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1075\/target.10.1.02sim","article-title":"The pivotal status of the translator\u2019s habitus","volume":"10","author":"Simeoni","year":"1998","journal-title":"Target"},{"key":"2021102616242038300_fqaa052-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1075\/btl.94.09shr","volume-title":"Methods and Strategies of Process Research: Integrative Approaches in Translation Studies","author":"Shreve","year":"2011"},{"key":"2021102616242038300_fqaa052-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1163\/9780080460932_005","volume-title":"Computer Keystroke Logging and Writing: Methods and Applications","author":"Stromqvist","year":"2006"},{"issue":"1\/2","key":"2021102616242038300_fqaa052-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1075\/tis.19039.xu","article-title":"Sociological formation and reception of translation: the case of Kinkley\u2019s translation of Biancheng","volume":"14","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Translation and Interpreting Studies"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021102616242038300_fqaa052-B51","first-page":"20","article-title":"A sociological analysis of the production of Red Sorghum translated by Howard Goldblatt","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Beijing International Studies University"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021102616242038300_fqaa052-B52","first-page":"96","article-title":"A process-oriented empirical study of the relationship between translation recursiveness and translation experience","volume":"39","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Foreign Language Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021102616242038300_fqaa052-B53","first-page":"84","article-title":"Cognitive mechanism of translators\u2019 reading processing: an eye-tracking based empirical study","volume":"182(","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Technology-Enhanced Foreign Language Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021102616242038300_fqaa052-B54","first-page":"75","article-title":"Translation strategies of Chinese English majors: an investigation based on think-aloud protocols","volume":", 33(","author":"Wen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of PLA University of Foreign Languages"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021102616242038300_fqaa052-B55","first-page":"129","article-title":"A cognitive approach to metaphor translation strategy: Based on the study of English-Chinese translation process","volume":"39(","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Harbin University"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021102616242038300_fqaa052-B56","first-page":"53","article-title":"Text typology and its implications for translation studies","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chinese Translators Journal"}],"container-title":["Digital Scholarship in the Humanities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/dsh\/article-pdf\/36\/3\/782\/40873274\/fqaa052.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/dsh\/article-pdf\/36\/3\/782\/40873274\/fqaa052.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,8]],"date-time":"2023-10-08T06:03:34Z","timestamp":1696745014000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/dsh\/article\/36\/3\/782\/6034822"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/llc\/fqaa052","relation":{},"ISSN":["2055-7671","2055-768X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2055-7671","type":"print"},{"value":"2055-768X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]]}}}