{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T09:14:34Z","timestamp":1784625274725,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,13]],"date-time":"2021-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002701","name":"Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002701","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2017S1A6A3A01078538"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2017S1A6A3A01078538"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Korea government","award":["NRF-2020R1A2B5B01002207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020R1A2B5B01002207"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Metaphor understanding is one of the most important and challenging tasks in language processing. In this study, we propose a knowledge graph-based metaphor embedding for understanding metaphor relations between words in literature. We consider that there is a metaphor relation between two objects involved in metaphorical rhetoric (e.g. in the metaphor \u2018Time is money\u2019, \u2018time\u2019, and \u2018money\u2019 have a metaphor relation). We first propose extracting metaphor relations between words based on part of speech (POS) tagging, then a knowledge graph-based metaphor representation method is presented. The proposed approach enables (i) metaphor interpretation in literature based on the proposal of extracting metaphor relations and (ii) representation of metaphor based on metaphor graph that consists of the nodes of words and the edges of their metaphor relations. Finally, we apply our metaphor embedding to Shakespeare\u2019s sonnets for evaluating the performance of it. Experimental results of predicting metaphor relations and classifying metaphorical triples prove that our approach achieves creative results. Besides, the literary significance of our approach can be embodied by the analysis of metaphors in Shakespeare\u2019s sonnets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/llc\/fqaa072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,19]],"date-time":"2020-12-19T12:20:48Z","timestamp":1608380448000},"page":"698-711","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Knowledge graph-based metaphor representation for literature understanding"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Ciyuan","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dang Thinh","family":"Vu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0050-7445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason J","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021102616242285100_fqaa072-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2005.03.013","article-title":"Knowledge bases and regional innovation systems: Comparing Nordic clusters","volume":"34","author":"Asheim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Research Policy"},{"key":"2021102616242285100_fqaa072-B2","first-page":"993","article-title":"Latent dirichlet allocation","volume":"3","author":"Blei","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"2021102616242285100_fqaa072-B3","first-page":"1247","author":"Bollacker","year":"2008"},{"key":"2021102616242285100_fqaa072-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e74304","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0074304","article-title":"Metaphor interpretation using paraphrases extracted from the web","volume":"8","author":"Bollegala","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2021102616242285100_fqaa072-B5","first-page":"2787","author":"Bordes","year":"2013"},{"key":"2021102616242285100_fqaa072-B6","author":"Bordes","year":"2011"},{"key":"2021102616242285100_fqaa072-B7","first-page":"223","author":"Borth","year":"2013"},{"key":"2021102616242285100_fqaa072-B8","first-page":"58","author":"Heintz","year":"2013"},{"key":"2021102616242285100_fqaa072-B9","first-page":"687","author":"Ji","year":"2015"},{"key":"2021102616242285100_fqaa072-B10","first-page":"159","author":"Jou","year":"2015"},{"key":"2021102616242285100_fqaa072-B11","first-page":"13","author":"Krishnakumaran","year":"2007"},{"key":"2021102616242285100_fqaa072-B12","author":"Lin","year":"2015"},{"key":"2021102616242285100_fqaa072-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1145\/219717.219748","article-title":"Wordnet: A lexical database for English","volume":"38","author":"Miller","year":"1995","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"key":"2021102616242285100_fqaa072-B14","first-page":"4221","author":"Mohler","year":"2016"},{"key":"2021102616242285100_fqaa072-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csl.2013.04.001","article-title":"Ranked wordnet graph for sentiment polarity classification in twitter","volume":"28","author":"Montejo-R\u00e1ez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Computer Speech & Language"},{"key":"2021102616242285100_fqaa072-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3389\/fdigh.2018.00015","article-title":"On poetic topic modeling: extracting themes and motifs from a corpus of spanish poetry","volume":"5","author":"Navarro-Colorado","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Digital Humanities"},{"key":"2021102616242285100_fqaa072-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0062343","article-title":"Metaphor identification in large texts corpora","volume":"8","author":"Neuman","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2021102616242285100_fqaa072-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2020.03.014","article-title":"Knowledge graph fusion for smart systems: A survey","volume":"61","author":"Nguyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Information Fusion"},{"key":"2021102616242285100_fqaa072-B19","author":"Parde","year":"2018"},{"key":"2021102616242285100_fqaa072-B20","author":"Parde","year":"2018"},{"key":"2021102616242285100_fqaa072-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.3233\/SW-160218","article-title":"Knowledge graph refinement: A survey of approaches and evaluation methods","volume":"8","author":"Paulheim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semantic Web"},{"key":"2021102616242285100_fqaa072-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1093\/llc\/fqaa016","article-title":"Interpretation of metaphors in chinese poetry: Where did li bai place his emotions?","volume":"36","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Digital Scholarship in the Humanities"},{"key":"2021102616242285100_fqaa072-B23","author":"Poria","year":"2012"},{"key":"2021102616242285100_fqaa072-B24","first-page":"542","author":"Pujara","year":"2013"},{"key":"2021102616242285100_fqaa072-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2011.12.012","article-title":"Toward developing a systematic approach to generate benchmark datasets for intrusion detection","volume":"31","author":"Shiravi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Computers & Security"},{"key":"2021102616242285100_fqaa072-B26","first-page":"1029","volume-title":"Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics HLT 10","author":"Shutova","year":"2010"},{"key":"2021102616242285100_fqaa072-B27","first-page":"1002","author":"Shutova","year":"2010"},{"key":"2021102616242285100_fqaa072-B28","first-page":"926","article-title":"Reasoning with neural tensor networks for knowledge base completion","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"Socher","year":"2013"},{"key":"2021102616242285100_fqaa072-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2016.09.030","article-title":"Automatic detection and interpretation of nominal metaphor based on the theory of meaning","volume":"219","author":"Su","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"2021102616242285100_fqaa072-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2015.10.014","article-title":"Latent semantic similarity based interpretation of Chinese metaphors","volume":"48","author":"Su","year":"2016","journal-title":"Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"2021102616242285100_fqaa072-B31","author":"Sun","year":"2019"},{"key":"2021102616242285100_fqaa072-B32","first-page":"173","volume-title":"Asia Information Retrieval Symposium","author":"Vu","year":"2019"},{"key":"2021102616242285100_fqaa072-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2724","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2017.2754499","article-title":"Knowledge graph embedding: A survey of approaches and applications","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering"},{"key":"2021102616242285100_fqaa072-B34","author":"Wang","year":"2014"},{"key":"2021102616242285100_fqaa072-B35","author":"Xiao","year":"2016"},{"key":"2021102616242285100_fqaa072-B36","author":"Yu","year":"2019"},{"key":"2021102616242285100_fqaa072-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137103","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2932136","article-title":"Combining the attention network and semantic representation for Chinese verb metaphor identification","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"}],"container-title":["Digital Scholarship in the Humanities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/dsh\/article-pdf\/36\/3\/698\/40873347\/fqaa072.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/dsh\/article-pdf\/36\/3\/698\/40873347\/fqaa072.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]],"date-time":"2021-10-26T16:40:23Z","timestamp":1635266423000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/dsh\/article\/36\/3\/698\/6098012"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,13]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/llc\/fqaa072","relation":{},"ISSN":["2055-7671","2055-768X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2055-7671","type":"print"},{"value":"2055-768X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,13]]}}}