{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T07:07:57Z","timestamp":1775027277508,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707436800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Traditional martial arts are treasures of humanity\u2019s knowledge and critical carriers of sociocultural memories throughout history. However, such treasured practices have encountered various challenges in knowledge transmission and now feature many entries on the UNESCO list of intangible cultural heritage. In tackling the urgency of knowledge preservation through digital means, this project employs an ontology-based approach to model the conceptual realm of traditional martial arts. Accordingly, it creates the Martial Art Ontology (MAon), a comprehensive domain ontology with an annotated data resource incorporating entities and relations from embodied, epistemic, and sociocultural facets. MAon underlines the significance of embodied qualities and addresses relevant dimensions, such as kinesthetics, techniques, mnemonics, and tactics, along with stylistic, interpretative, and ideological components. It features scholarly terminology developed through literature analysis, interviews with masters, and expert validations. The instantiation of MAon is realized through annotating three archetypal Southern Chinese styles, offering exhaustive descriptions concerning techniques, forms, principles, and form sets, amongst others. In summary, the reported approach encodes the manifold of martial arts into a structured vocabulary and an interlinked data resource, accessible to both human-reading and machine-operating applications. By applying it to manifest a range of knowledge concepts, we demonstrate the potential of ontology-based datafication to create coherent representations for intangible cultural entities and to enable an interoperable data infrastructure across multimodal cultural archives.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/llc\/fqae005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T08:30:28Z","timestamp":1707467428000},"page":"575-592","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Ontology-based knowledge representation for traditional martial arts"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7908-0693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yumeng","family":"Hou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Experimental Museology (eM+), EPFL , Rue des Jordils 41 , 1025 Saint-Sulpice, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Kenderdine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Experimental Museology (eM+), EPFL , Rue des Jordils 41 , 1025 Saint-Sulpice, Switzerland"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024061809545985700_fqae005-B1","author":"Adamou","year":"2021"},{"key":"2024061809545985700_fqae005-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3606702","article-title":"\u2018The Facets of Intangible Heritage in Southern Chinese Martial Arts: Applying a Knowledge-driven Cultural Contact Detection Approach\u2019","volume":"16","author":"Adamou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage"},{"key":"2024061809545985700_fqae005-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7312\/columbia\/9780231172721.001.0001","volume-title":"Striking Beauty: A Philosophical Look at the Asian Martial Arts","author":"Allen","year":"2015"},{"key":"2024061809545985700_fqae005-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.3233\/SW-2011-0056","article-title":"\u2018A Classification of Semantic Annotation Systems\u2019","volume":"3","author":"Andrews","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semantic Web"},{"key":"2024061809545985700_fqae005-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1093\/llc\/fqab080","article-title":"\u2018A Formal Representation of the Divine Comedy\u2019s Primary Sources: The Hypermedia Dante Network Ontology\u2019","volume":"37","author":"Bartalesi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Digital Scholarship in the Humanities"},{"key":"2024061809545985700_fqae005-B6","volume-title":"Reading Dance: The Birth of Choreology, Birth of Choreology","author":"Benesh","year":"1983"},{"key":"2024061809545985700_fqae005-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3233\/SW-210425","article-title":"\u2018Special Issue on Semantic Web for Cultural Heritage","volume":"12","author":"Bikakis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semantic Web"},{"key":"2024061809545985700_fqae005-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1017\/alj.2019.34","article-title":"\u2018Pharos: A Digital Research Space for Photo Archives\u2019","volume":"45","author":"Caraffa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Art Libraries Journal"},{"key":"2024061809545985700_fqae005-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.3390\/heritage2020078","article-title":"\u2018An Ontological Approach to the Description of Visual and Iconographical Representations\u2019","volume":"2","author":"Carboni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heritage"},{"key":"2024061809545985700_fqae005-B10","first-page":"36","volume-title":"International Semantic Web Conference","author":"Carriero","year":"2019"},{"key":"2024061809545985700_fqae005-B11","volume-title":"Lingnan Hung Kuen: Kung Fu in Cinema and Community","author":"Chao","year":"2018"},{"key":"2024061809545985700_fqae005-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-19-2037-0_12","volume-title":"Martial Culture and Historical Martial Arts in Europe and Asia. Martial Studies","author":"Chao","year":"2023"},{"key":"2024061809545985700_fqae005-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-73817-8_13","volume-title":"Digital Echoes: Spaces for Intangible and Performance-based Cultural Heritage","author":"Chao","year":"2018"},{"key":"2024061809545985700_fqae005-B14","volume-title":"300 Years of Hakka Kung Fu: Digital Vision of its Legacy and Future","author":"Chao","year":"2016"},{"key":"2024061809545985700_fqae005-B15","volume-title":"1st International Workshop on Modular Ontologies\u2019, WoMO'06","author":"D\u2019Aquin","year":"2006"},{"key":"2024061809545985700_fqae005-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3429458","article-title":"\u2018Linked Data and Cultural Heritage: A Systematic Review of Participation, Collaboration, and Motivation\u2019","volume":"14","author":"Davis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage"},{"key":"2024061809545985700_fqae005-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1017\/alj.2019.32","article-title":"\u2018Fostering a Community of PHAROS Scholars through the Adoption of Open Standards\u2019","volume":"45","author":"Delmas-Glass","year":"2020","journal-title":"Art Libraries Journal"},{"key":"2024061809545985700_fqae005-B18","first-page":"75","article-title":"\u2018The CIDOC Conceptual Reference Module: An Ontological Approach to Semantic Interoperability of Metadata\u2019","volume":"24","author":"Doerr","year":"2003","journal-title":"AI Magazine"},{"key":"2024061809545985700_fqae005-B19","first-page":"15","volume-title":"World Library and Information Congress: 76th IFLA General Conference and Assembly, 10-15 August 2010, Gothenburg, Sweden","author":"Doerr","year":"2010"},{"key":"2024061809545985700_fqae005-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-40050-6_17","volume-title":"Information Technologies for Performing Arts, Media Access, and Entertainment: Second International Conference, ECLAP 2013","author":"El Raheb","year":"2013"},{"key":"2024061809545985700_fqae005-B21","first-page":"1","author":"El Raheb","year":"2016"},{"key":"2024061809545985700_fqae005-B22","volume-title":"Martial Arts as Embodied Knowledge: Asian Traditions in a Transnational World","author":"Farrer","year":"2011"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024061809545985700_fqae005-B23","article-title":"Structuring, Recording, and Analyzing Historical Networks in the China Biographical Database\u2019,","volume":"5","author":"Fuller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Historical Network Research"},{"key":"2024061809545985700_fqae005-B24","author":"Granados-Garc\u00eda","year":"2020"},{"key":"2024061809545985700_fqae005-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-19-2037-0_4","volume-title":"Martial Culture and Historical Martial Arts in Europe and Asia. Martial Studies","author":"Gotti","year":"2023"},{"key":"2024061809545985700_fqae005-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3494837","article-title":"\u2018Digitizing Intangible Cultural Heritage Embodied: State of the Art\u2019","volume":"15","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage"},{"key":"2024061809545985700_fqae005-B27","volume-title":"Labanotation: Or, Kinetography Laban: The System of Analyzing and Recording Movement","author":"Hutchinson","year":"1977"},{"key":"2024061809545985700_fqae005-B28","author":"ICMS","year":"2022"},{"key":"2024061809545985700_fqae005-B29","first-page":"283","volume-title":"Martial Arts Knowledge on and Beyond the Page: From Visual Mantras to Hyperrealism with Words and Brushes","author":"Jaquet","year":"2023"},{"key":"2024061809545985700_fqae005-B30","first-page":"211","volume-title":"Archives in Motion: Motion as Meaning","author":"Kenderdine","year":"2017"},{"key":"2024061809545985700_fqae005-B31","author":"Kenderdine","year":"2018"},{"key":"2024061809545985700_fqae005-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.3233\/SW-200392","article-title":"\u2018Warsampo Knowledge Graph: Finland in the Second World War as Linked Open Data\u2019","volume":"12","author":"Koho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semantic Web"},{"key":"2024061809545985700_fqae005-B33","volume-title":"Hung Kuen Fundamentals: Gung Gee Fok Fu Kuen","author":"Lam","year":"2013"},{"key":"2024061809545985700_fqae005-B34","volume-title":"Hung Kuen Training: Chin Cheung Fok Fu Kuen Deui Chak by Lam Chun Fai","author":"Lam","year":"2014"},{"key":"2024061809545985700_fqae005-B35","volume-title":"The Essence of White Crane Kung Fu","author":"Lee","year":"2011"},{"key":"2024061809545985700_fqae005-B36","volume-title":"Roots and Branches of Wing Tsun by Leung Ting","author":"Leung","year":"2000"},{"key":"2024061809545985700_fqae005-B37","first-page":"103","author":"Lombardo","year":"2018"},{"key":"2024061809545985700_fqae005-B38","first-page":"114","article-title":"\u2018On the Pros and Cons of Modern Chinese Wushu Transformation and Competitive Wushu\u2019","volume":"19","author":"Ma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Physical Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024061809545985700_fqae005-B39","first-page":"9","article-title":"\u2018Reconstructing China\u2019s Indigenous Physical Culture\u2019","volume":"1","author":"Ma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Chinese Martial Studies"},{"key":"2024061809545985700_fqae005-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2019.07.010","article-title":"\u2018Culturalerica: A Conversational Agent Improving the Exploration of European Cultural Heritage\u2019","volume":"41","author":"Machidon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Cultural Heritage"},{"key":"2024061809545985700_fqae005-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2069276.2069280","article-title":"\u2018Nrityakosha: Preserving the Intangible Heritage of Indian Classical Dance\u2019","volume":"4","author":"Mallik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage"},{"key":"2024061809545985700_fqae005-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3329124","article-title":"\u2018Evaluating Domain Ontologies: Clarification, Classification, and Challenges\u2019","volume":"52","author":"McDaniel","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACM Computing Surveys"},{"key":"2024061809545985700_fqae005-B43","author":"Meghini","year":"2020"},{"key":"2024061809545985700_fqae005-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2020.05.009","article-title":"\u2018Description of Old Maps in the Europeana Data Model\u2019","volume":"45","author":"Mo\u015bcicka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Cultural Heritage"},{"key":"2024061809545985700_fqae005-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1145\/2757001.2757003","article-title":"\u2018The Prot\u00e9g\u00e9 Project: A Look Back and a Look Forward\u2019","volume":"1","author":"Musen","year":"2015","journal-title":"AI Matters"},{"key":"2024061809545985700_fqae005-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2018.02.009","article-title":"\u2018Architectural Heritage Semantic 3d Documentation in Multi-scale Standard Maps\u2019","volume":"32","author":"Noardo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Cultural Heritage"},{"key":"2024061809545985700_fqae005-B47","author":"Popov","year":"2002"},{"key":"2024061809545985700_fqae005-B48","first-page":"16","author":"Snydman","year":"2015"},{"key":"2024061809545985700_fqae005-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3233\/AO-150145","article-title":"\u2018The Neon Methodology Framework: A Scenario-based Methodology for Ontology Development\u2019","volume":"10","author":"Su\u00e1rez-Figueroa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Applied Ontology"},{"key":"2024061809545985700_fqae005-B50","volume-title":"Roots and Branches of Wing Tsun by Leung Ting","author":"Ting","year":"2000"},{"key":"2024061809545985700_fqae005-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1017\/S0269888998001040","article-title":"\u2018Knowledge Level Modelling: Concepts and Terminology\u2019","volume":"13","author":"Uschold","year":"1998","journal-title":"The Knowledge Engineering Review"},{"key":"2024061809545985700_fqae005-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.4324\/9780367818005-6","article-title":"Performativity and Dynamics of Intangible Cultural Heritage\u2019,","volume-title":"Ritual, Heritage and Identity","author":"Wulf","year":"2020"},{"key":"2024061809545985700_fqae005-B53","author":"Yin","year":"2015"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024061809545985700_fqae005-B164157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18352\/lq.10315","article-title":"Digital Cultural Heritage and Linked Data: Semantically-informed conceptualisations and practices with a focus on intangible cultural heritage","volume":"30","author":"Ziku","journal-title":"LIBER Quarterly"}],"container-title":["Digital Scholarship in the Humanities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/dsh\/article-pdf\/39\/2\/575\/58267601\/fqae005.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/dsh\/article-pdf\/39\/2\/575\/58267601\/fqae005.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]],"date-time":"2024-06-18T10:58:11Z","timestamp":1718708291000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/dsh\/article\/39\/2\/575\/7603922"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/llc\/fqae005","relation":{},"ISSN":["2055-7671","2055-768X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2055-7671","type":"print"},{"value":"2055-768X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]}}}