{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T21:51:14Z","timestamp":1740174674526,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]],"date-time":"2024-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Humanities and Social Sciences Cluster"},{"name":"Centre of Excellence for Interdisciplinary Research, Development and Innovation"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015763","name":"University of Szeged","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015763","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>This article addresses the problematic authorship of The Constitutions of the Free-Masons (1723). Traditionally associated with James Anderson, using stylometry, we examine whether and, if so, where John T. Desaguliers, the prime mover of early English institutionalized Freemasonry, contributed to this publication. Our corpus includes writings by Anderson, Desaguliers, and two contemporary Freemasons used as distractors. The transcribed works contain texts from different genres and of varying lengths. In our methodology, we employ a wide range of robust, multivariate, unsupervised, and cross-validated supervised tests, verified through significance testing, which can hopefully contribute to the establishment of standards for historical authorship attribution. Our results suggest, in line with historical evidence, that the legendary history of the Constitutions was most likely primarily authored by Anderson. However, several of the Charges including the first one \u2018Concerning God and religion\u2019, one of the most disputed texts in the history of Freemasonry, are closer to the style of Desaguliers. The General Regulations concerning the organization of the lodges, hitherto attributed to George Payne, played a fundamental role in spreading Freemasonry worldwide. Our analyses show that the stylistic affinity of fifteen of the thirty-nine regulations has a pronounced closeness to Anderson\u2019s style, five align more closely with Desaguliers\u2019 style. The authorship of the rest remains inconclusive partly due to the insufficient length of texts by Payne. These novel findings are also supported by a close reading of the Constitutions and other contemporary primary sources.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/llc\/fqae023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]],"date-time":"2024-06-01T09:50:56Z","timestamp":1717235456000},"page":"690-708","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Who wrote the first <i>Constitutions<\/i> of Freemasonry?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"R\u00f3bert","family":"P\u00e9ter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of English and American Studies, University of Szeged , Szeged, Hungary"}]},{"given":"Alejandro Napolitano","family":"Jawerbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"English Language and Applied Linguistics, University of Birmingham, Birmingham , United Kingdom"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"A Sermon Preach\u2019d in Swallow-Street, St James, on Wednesday January 16, 1711\u201312","year":"1712","author":"Anderson","key":"2024061809545680200_fqae023-B1"},{"volume-title":"No King-killers. A Sermon Preach\u2019d in Swallow-Street, St James\u2019s, on January 30","year":"1715","author":"Anderson","key":"2024061809545680200_fqae023-B2"},{"volume-title":"The Constitutions of the Free-Masons; Containing the History, Charges, Regulations, &c. of that Most Ancient and Right Worshipful Fraternity","year":"1723","author":"Anderson","key":"2024061809545680200_fqae023-B3"},{"volume-title":"Unity in Trinity and Trinity in Unity. A Dissertation","year":"1733","author":"Anderson","key":"2024061809545680200_fqae023-B4"},{"volume-title":"Royal Genealogies, Or the Genealogical Tables of Emperors, Kings and Princes, from Adam to These Times","year":"1736","author":"Anderson","key":"2024061809545680200_fqae023-B5"},{"volume-title":"The New Book of Constitutions of the Antient and Honourable Fraternity of Free and Accepted Masons","year":"1738","author":"Anderson","key":"2024061809545680200_fqae023-B6"},{"volume-title":"A Sermon Preach\u2019d before the King at Hampton Court","year":"1717","author":"Desaguliers","key":"2024061809545680200_fqae023-B7"},{"key":"2024061809545680200_fqae023-B8","first-page":"xi","volume-title":"Letter to the Translator. In Nieuwentyt, B. The Religious Philosopher: Or, the Right Use of Contemplating the Works of the Creator","author":"Desaguliers","year":"1718"},{"key":"2024061809545680200_fqae023-B9","first-page":"269","article-title":"An Account of Some Experiments Made to Prove, that the Force of Moving Bodies is Proportionable to their Velocities\u2019,","volume":"32","author":"Desaguliers","year":"1723","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (hereafter PTRSL)"},{"key":"2024061809545680200_fqae023-B10","first-page":"201","article-title":"A Dissertation Concerning the Figure of the Earth\u2019,","volume":"33","author":"Desaguliers","year":"1725","journal-title":"PTRSL"},{"key":"2024061809545680200_fqae023-B11","first-page":"277","article-title":"A Dissertation Concerning the Figure of the Earth\u2019,","volume":"33","author":"Desaguliers","year":"1725","journal-title":"PTRSL"},{"key":"2024061809545680200_fqae023-B12","first-page":"264","article-title":"An Account of a Book Entitl\u2019d Vegetable Staticks\u2019,","volume":"34","author":"Desaguliers","year":"1727","journal-title":"PTRLSL"},{"key":"2024061809545680200_fqae023-B13","first-page":"iii","volume-title":"The Newtonian System of the World, the Best Model of Government","author":"Desaguliers","year":"1728"},{"key":"2024061809545680200_fqae023-B14","first-page":"596","article-title":"Optical Experiments Made in the Beginning of August 1728\u2019,","volume":"35","author":"Desaguliers","year":"1728","journal-title":"PTRLSL"},{"year":"1729","author":"Desaguliers","key":"2024061809545680200_fqae023-B15"},{"key":"2024061809545680200_fqae023-B16","first-page":"194","article-title":"Some Observations on the Crane, with Improvements on that Machine\u2019,","volume":"36","author":"Desaguliers","year":"1729","journal-title":"PTRSL"},{"volume-title":"A Course of Experimental Philosophy","year":"1734","author":"Desaguliers","key":"2024061809545680200_fqae023-B17"},{"key":"2024061809545680200_fqae023-B18","first-page":"390","article-title":"An Attempt to Explain the Phaenomenon of the Horizontal Moon Appearing Bigger than When Elevated Many Degrees above the Horizon: Supported by an Experiment\u2019,","volume":"39","author":"Desaguliers","year":"1736","journal-title":"PTRSL"},{"key":"2024061809545680200_fqae023-B19","first-page":"392","article-title":"An Explication of Experiment Made in May 1735, as a Farther Confirmation of What Was Said in a Paper Given in January 30, 1734\u20135. 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