{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T17:42:17Z","timestamp":1776879737967,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,24]],"date-time":"2025-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748044800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Academia Sinica Center for Digital Cultures","award":["AS-ASCDC-114-205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AS-ASCDC-114-205"]}]},{"name":"Constructing a Comparative Database of the Japanese Invasions of Korea","award":["1592\u20131598"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1592\u20131598"]}]},{"name":"Using GraphRAG and Text Alignment Models: An Innovative Study of the Veritable Records of the Ming Dynasty"},{"name":"Annals of the Joseon Dynasty"},{"name":"Google DeepMind\u2019s GiG"},{"name":"Investigating Salt Exchange Dynamics in the Ming Dynasty Through LLMs-based Information Retrieval Techniques"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>This article represents a digital humanities research endeavor that attempts to explore the roles and military power of Supreme Commanders and Grand Coordinators in the Ming Dynasty, employing computational analysis of the Ming Shilu. By leveraging a semi-supervised text classification framework to identify military paragraphs without needing prior annotation and generating heat maps based on location entities identified in the text, we discerned patterns correlating the presence of these officials with the incidence of military conflicts. We acknowledge the study's limitations, including potential misinterpretations due to the complexity of events and language used in the Ming Shilu. Despite these, our research illuminates the value of computational techniques in historical inquiries. The results underscore the complexity of Supreme Commanders' and Grand Coordinators' roles within local administration and military power structures and their impact on the political environment of the Ming Dynasty. This article advocates for future research to integrate diverse textual and data sources and incorporate additional digital methodologies, aiming for a deeper understanding of the Ming Dynasty's political landscape. This research significantly propels the utilization of digital analytical tools in historical research, offering a richer, more nuanced understanding of the past.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/llc\/fqaf024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,24]],"date-time":"2025-05-24T01:11:12Z","timestamp":1748049072000},"page":"910-927","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Digital humanities approach to analyzing the roles and military power of Supreme Commanders and Grand Coordinators in the Ming Dynasty: a computational analysis of Ming Shilu"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0513-107X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard Tzong-Han","family":"Tsai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Research Center for Humanities and Social Sciences, Academia Sinica , Taipei, 115201,","place":["Taiwan"]},{"name":"National Central University, Computer Science and Information Engineering , Taoyuan, 320317,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu-Sin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Central University, Computer Science and Information Engineering , Taoyuan, 320317,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"You-Jun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Research Center for Humanities and Social Sciences, Academia Sinica , Taipei, 115201,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hsin Yi","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Central University, Computer Science and Information Engineering , Taoyuan, 320317,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ya-Chi","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Research Center for Humanities and Social Sciences, Academia Sinica , Taipei, 115201,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025090303522645200_fqaf024-B1","author":"Academia Sinica","year":"2022"},{"key":"2025090303522645200_fqaf024-B2","first-page":"5","article-title":"\u660e\u4ee3\u6587\u6b66\u95dc\u4fc2\u53ca\u5176\u6f14\u8b8a\u2014\u2014\u57fa\u65bc\u5236\u5ea6\u3001\u793e\u6703\u53ca\u601d\u60f3\u5c64\u9762\u7684\u8003\u5bdf [The Relationship between Civil and Military in the Ming Dynasty and Its Evolution: Based on the Investigation of System, Society, and History of Thought]","volume":"2","author":"Baoliang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Historical Research in Anhui"},{"key":"2025090303522645200_fqaf024-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203966778","volume-title":"Social Sciences and the Military","author":"Caforio","year":"2006"},{"key":"2025090303522645200_fqaf024-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.6915\/PMSS.202003_(16).0008","article-title":"\u652f\u63f4\u524d\u7dda\uff1a\u660e\u4ee3\u5929\u6d25\u5de1\u64ab\u8077\u6b0a\u4e4b\u7814\u7a76 [Supporting the Front Line: A Case Study of Duties of Tianjin Provincial Governor in Ming Dynasty]\u2019,","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Publication of Military Social Science"},{"key":"2025090303522645200_fqaf024-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.2307\/204452","article-title":"\u2018The Long-Range Analysis of War\u2019","volume":"21","author":"Cioffi-Revilla","year":"1991","journal-title":"The Journal of Interdisciplinary History"},{"key":"2025090303522645200_fqaf024-B6","author":"Devlin","year":"2018"},{"key":"2025090303522645200_fqaf024-B7","volume-title":"Tabulation of Wars in Ancient China","author":"Editorial Committee of Chinese Military History","year":"1985"},{"key":"2025090303522645200_fqaf024-B8","first-page":"27","author":"Fang","year":"2009"},{"key":"2025090303522645200_fqaf024-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.coling-main.100","author":"Grie\u00dfhaber","year":"2020"},{"key":"2025090303522645200_fqaf024-B10","author":"Huang","year":"2010"},{"key":"2025090303522645200_fqaf024-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1093\/llc\/fqab099","article-title":"\u2018Climate Event Classification Based on Historical Meteorological Records and its Presentation on a Spatio-Temporal Research Platform\u2019","volume":"37","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Digital Scholarship in the Humanities"},{"key":"2025090303522645200_fqaf024-B12","first-page":"139","article-title":"\u2018\u660e\u4ee3\u5175\u90e8\u5c1a\u66f8\u8207\u6b66\u5c07\u95dc\u7cfb\u8003\u8ad6 [A Research on the Relations between the Minister of War and Military Officer in the Ming Dynasty]\u2019,","volume":"6","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Jiangxi Social Sciences"},{"key":"2025090303522645200_fqaf024-B13","author":"Hu","year":"2010"},{"key":"2025090303522645200_fqaf024-B14","author":"Lai","year":"2016"},{"key":"2025090303522645200_fqaf024-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s10936-017-9520-0","article-title":"\u2018Language Skills in Classical Chinese Text Comprehension\u2019,","volume":"47","author":"Lau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Psycholinguistic Research"},{"key":"2025090303522645200_fqaf024-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1108\/02686900010304669","article-title":"\u2018Building Balanced Scorecard with SWOT Analysis, and Implementing \u201cSun Tzu\u2019s The Art of Business Management Strategies\u201d on QFD Methodology\u2019","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"2000","journal-title":"Managerial Auditing Journal"},{"key":"2025090303522645200_fqaf024-B17","author":"Li","year":"2003"},{"key":"2025090303522645200_fqaf024-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Li","year":"2021","DOI":"10.27224\/d.cnki.gnmdu.2021.001620"},{"key":"2025090303522645200_fqaf024-B19","first-page":"197","author":"Li","year":"2023"},{"key":"2025090303522645200_fqaf024-B20","first-page":"227","article-title":"\u2018\u660e\u4ee3\u885b\u6240\u8207\u516d\u90e8\u3001\u7763\u64ab\u95dc\u4fc2\u4e4b\u7814\u7a76 [The Wei-So System of the Ming Dynasty Relations with Lu-Pu, Tu-Fu]\u2019,","volume":"84","author":"Liu","year":"2002","journal-title":"The National Chengchi University Journal"},{"key":"2025090303522645200_fqaf024-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.6689\/BHE.202012_(6).0003","article-title":"\u2018\u660e\u4ee3\u7e3d\u7763\u5de1\u64ab\u8077\u638c\u521d\u63a2 [A Preliminary Study of the Powers of the Z\u014fngd\u016b and X\u00fanf\u016d in the Ming Dynasty]\u2019,","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bulletin of Holistic Education"},{"key":"2025090303522645200_fqaf024-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.15355\/epsj.10.1.23","article-title":"\u2018The Economics of Peace and War in the Chinese Military Classics\u2019","volume":"10","author":"McCaffrey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Economics of Peace and Security Journal"},{"key":"2025090303522645200_fqaf024-B23","author":"Meng","year":"2020"},{"key":"2025090303522645200_fqaf024-B24","first-page":"35","article-title":"\u2018\u85a9\u723e\u6ef8\u4e4b\u5f79\u660e\u671d\u6557\u5317\u7684\u7d30\u90e8\u56e0\u7d20\u8003\u6790 [An Analysis of the Internal Factors of Defeat in the Battle of Saerhu in Ming Dynasty]\u2019,","volume":"3","author":"Meng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Manchu Minority Research"},{"key":"2025090303522645200_fqaf024-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9006","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.emnlp-main.724","author":"Meng","year":"2020"},{"key":"2025090303522645200_fqaf024-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1057\/9781403983138","volume-title":"The Philosophy of Chinese Military Culture: Shih vs. Li","author":"Mott","year":"2006"},{"key":"2025090303522645200_fqaf024-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orbis.2009.01.010","article-title":"\u2018Oil, Arms, and Influence: The Indirect Strategy Behind Chinese Military Modernization\u2019","volume":"53","author":"Newmyer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Orbis"},{"key":"2025090303522645200_fqaf024-B28","first-page":"37","article-title":"\u2018Steppe Weapons in Ancient China and the Role of Hand-to-Hand Combat\u2019,","volume":"33","author":"Rawson","year":"2015","journal-title":"The National Palace Museum Research Quarterly"},{"key":"2025090303522645200_fqaf024-B29","volume-title":"Ming China and its Allies: Imperial Rule in Eurasia","author":"Robinson","year":"2020"},{"key":"2025090303522645200_fqaf024-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1177\/073889420001800105","article-title":"\u2018The Correlates of War Data on War: An Update to 1997\u2019,","volume":"18","author":"Sarkees","year":"2000","journal-title":"Conflict Management and Peace Science"},{"key":"2025090303522645200_fqaf024-B31","first-page":"311","article-title":"\u2018\u6c23\u5019\u8b8a\u9077\u3001\u653f\u5e9c\u80fd\u529b\u8207\u738b\u671d\u8208\u8870\u2014\u2014\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e2d\u570b\u5169\u5343\u5e74\u4f86\u6b77\u53f2\u7d93\u9a57\u7684\u5be6\u8b49\u7814\u7a76 [Climate Change, State Capacity, and the Rise and Fall of Dynasties\u2014\u2014An Empirical Study Based on Chinese Historical Experience in the Past 2000 Years]\u2019,","volume":"18","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"China Economic Quarterly"},{"key":"2025090303522645200_fqaf024-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3406\/arasi.1992.1323","article-title":"\u2018Portraits of Meritorious Officials: Eight Examples from the First Set Commissioned by the Qianlong Emperor\u2019,","volume":"47","author":"Tsang","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arts Asiatiques"},{"key":"2025090303522645200_fqaf024-B33","author":"Wu","year":"2021"},{"key":"2025090303522645200_fqaf024-B34","author":"Wu","year":"2021"},{"key":"2025090303522645200_fqaf024-B35","author":"Xu","year":"2020"},{"key":"2025090303522645200_fqaf024-B36","first-page":"289","author":"Yu","year":"2020"},{"key":"2025090303522645200_fqaf024-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.4103\/wjtcm.wjtcm_28_19","article-title":"\u2018Text Mining and Analysis of Treatise on Febrile Diseases Based on Natural Language Processing\u2019","volume":"6","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine"},{"key":"2025090303522645200_fqaf024-B38","first-page":"72","article-title":"\u2018\u8a66\u6790\u64ad\u5dde\u4e4b\u5f79\u5c0d\u660e\u671d\u7684\u5f71\u97ff [The Influence of the Bozhou Rebellion on the Ming Dynasty]\u2019,","volume":"19","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wenjiao Ziliao"}],"container-title":["Digital Scholarship in the Humanities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/dsh\/article-pdf\/40\/3\/910\/63327229\/fqaf024.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/dsh\/article-pdf\/40\/3\/910\/63327229\/fqaf024.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T07:52:55Z","timestamp":1756885975000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/dsh\/article\/40\/3\/910\/8145291"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/llc\/fqaf024","relation":{},"ISSN":["2055-7671","2055-768X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2055-7671","type":"print"},{"value":"2055-768X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]]}}}